Heterologous production of capreomycin and generation of new capreomycin derivatives through metabolic engineering

ABSTRACT

Provided are nucleic acid molecules comprising at least a functional fragment of the capreomycin biosynthetic gene cluster, polypeptides encoded by the cluster and recombinant host cells transformed with any of the nucleic acid molecules disclosed herein. Various methods using any of the vectors or expression cassettes that encode one or more of the gene products of the cluster are provided for heterologous production of capreomycin and capreomycin derivatives.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/917,628, filed May 11, 2007.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

This invention was made with government support under AI065850 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING

A Sequence Listing containing SEQ ID NOs:1-52 corresponding to the various sequences disclosed herein, such as the sequences contained within Table 3 and Table 8, is submitted herewith. The Sequence Listing is specifically incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, has been causing disease in humans since the beginning of civilization (8). Despite more than 50 years of vaccine and antibiotic development, it has been estimated that 225 million new cases of tuberculosis will arise between the years 1998 and 2030, with 79 million tuberculosis-related deaths (25). One of the challenges in treating this disease is the wide-spread development of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), defined as an infection that does not respond to treatment with either first-line drug isoniazid or rifampicin (9). The development of MDR-TB has resulted in an increased emphasis on the use of second-line drugs to treat these infections. One of these second-line drugs is capreomycin (CMN), a collection of four structurally related peptide antibiotics (FIG. 1). The importance of CMN for the treatment of MDR-TB is reflected in this drug being included on the World Health Organization's “List of Essential Medicines” (36). There is additional interest in CMN because of the recent finding that this drug is bactericidal against nonreplicating M. tuberculosis, suggesting the potential use of CMN to treat latent tuberculosis infections (15). While of most interest for treatment of tuberculosis, capreomycin is known in the art to be more generally active against a number of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.

CMN and a structural analog viomycin (VIO) (FIG. 1) (see also U.S. Pat. No. 7,326,782 for details of the VIO cluster and biosynthesis thereof) disrupt the growth of Mycobacterium spp. by interfering with the function of the ribosome (22-24, 37-43). This conclusion is based on the isolation and characterization of resistant strains along with in vitro analysis of ribosome binding and disruption of peptide synthesis. There were two surprising results from these studies that emphasize the distinct mechanism of action of CMN and VIO. First, resistance to VIO in M. smegmatis was conferred by mutations in either the 16S or 23S rRNA, suggesting this antibiotic interferes with the function of both ribosomal subunits (41). The second result was the recent finding that M. tuberculosis resistance to CMN and VIO can also arise from a mutation in the gene tlyA (22). Subsequent analysis determined that the TlyA enzyme likely catalyzes methylation of both the 16S and 23S rRNA, and these methylations are essential for CMN and VIO sensitivity, possibly forming part of the binding site of these antibiotics (18). Thus, resistance to CMN and VIO can arise from point mutations in the 16S or 23S rRNA or from the loss of modifications to these rRNAs.

While the CMN and VIO resistance mechanisms in Mycobacterium spp. involve mutations in the rRNA or a gene coding for an rRNA modifying enzyme, the bacteria that naturally produce these antibiotics are proposed to have resistance mechanisms that are independent of ribosome modification (2, 28, 33). VIO resistance by Streptomyces sp. strain ATCC11861 (previously known as Streptomyces vinaceus) occurs via antibiotic inactivation by Vph, a VIO phosphorylase (2). CMN, while commonly referred to as a single molecule, is actually a mixture of four structural derivatives (FIG. 1). The structural differences between these derivatives are particularly relevant in the context of resistance genes carried by the producing bacterium. For example, a gene coding a homolog of Vph was isolated from the CMN-producer Saccharothrix mutabilis subsp. capreolus (previously Streptomyces capreolus), but this only conferred resistance to CMN IA and IIA, leaving CMN IB and IIB active. This selectivity is due to Cph catalyzing the phosphorylation of the hydroxyl group of residue 2 of CMN IA and IIA that is absent from CMN IB and IIB (FIG. 1) (28, 33). A second gene, cac, was identified and conferred resistance to all four derivatives of CMN (28, 33). The coded enzyme is proposed to catalyze the acetylation of the α-amino group of residue 1 of the cyclic pentapeptide core, thereby inactivating CMN. Consistent with this proposal, Cac did not confer resistance to VIO because of the β-lysine attached to the α-amino group of residue one of VIO.

CMN and VIO are peptide antibiotics with subtly different cyclic pentapeptide cores that can be decorated by carbamoylation, hydroxylation, or acylation with β-lysine (FIG. 1). A series of precursor labeling studies have been performed on CMN and VIO to investigate how these unusual antibiotics are assembled by the producing bacteria (4, 5, 12, 35). We outlined a biosynthetic mechanism for the assembly of VIO using these labeling experiment results in combination with bioinformatic and biochemical analysis of the VIO biosynthetic gene cluster and the enzymes it codes (19, 34) (U.S. Pat. No. 7,326,782). We predict that CMN biosynthesis follows similar mechanisms, but with some differences to account for the structural differences between these antibiotics.

Our interests in deciphering how this family of antibiotics is biosynthesized are in two areas. First, we address the basic biological question of how these unusual cyclic peptides, consisting of rare nonproteinogenic amino acids, are assembled. Second, we explore harnessing of the biosynthetic machinery of CMN and VIO production to generate new structural derivatives of these antibiotics through the use of metabolic engineering. Here we present the isolation and sequencing of the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster from S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus strain ATCC 23892. Bioinformatics analysis of this gene cluster provides a molecular blueprint for CMN biosynthesis and explains the structural differences between CMN and VIO. The integration of this biosynthetic gene cluster into the chromosome of Streptomyces lividans 1326 resulted in the heterologous production of CMN by this naturally non-producing bacterium. This is a significant finding because S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus has proven intractable to genetic manipulation (27). Thus, metabolic engineering of CMN biosynthesis was not previously possible in the natural producer. The results presented here circumvent this problem. Finally, while previous work suggested that S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus does not alter its ribosomes to become resistant to CMN, we present data that strongly suggests ribosome modification is a natural CMN resistance mechanism for this bacterium.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the identification and isolation of DNA sequences encoding the genes of the biosynthetic cluster of capreomycin such as DNA sequences that encode the various gene products summarized in TABLE 2. Provided are expression cassettes, vectors, and uses for such materials, that contain the capreomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from Saccharothrix mutabilis subsp. Capreolus or any one or more genes of the Cmn gene cluster, such as CmnA-CmnP, CmnR and CmnU.

In an embodiment, the invention provides methods of heterologous production of capreomycin by introduction of such vectors and incorporation of such expression cassettes into a heterologous host organism and growth of such organisms such that they produce capreomycin, or a gene product of interest from the Cmn cluster. Heterologous host organisms include, among others, strains of Streptomyces which do not, prior to such introduction, produce capreomycin, particularly strains of Streptomyces lividans and Streptomyces coelicolor. More specifically the invention relates to production of capreomycin in Streptomyces lividans 1326. Accordingly, provided herein is the heterologous production of the capreomycins in a heterologous host that facilitates production of the capreomycins with fewer contaminants.

The identification, isolation and functional analysis of the biosynthetic genes of capreomycin as described herein further facilitates metabolic engineering of the capreomycin biosynthetic gene cluster for the production of new capreomycin derivatives and the improved production of known capreomycin derivatives, such as those derivatives in Tables 5 and 6. More specifically, the biosynthetic gene cluster combined with certain biosynthetic genes of the viomycin biosynthetic gene cluster (see U.S. Pat. No. 7,326,782 for VIO cluster DNA sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) and amino acid sequences of each of VioA-VioT and vph (SEQ ID NOs:2-22, respectively); whose sequences are specifically incorporated by reference), allows the synthesis of capreomycin derivatives in such heterologous hosts. For example, combination of each of vioQ, vioMOP, or vioMOP as well as vioQ, with the genes of the capreomycin biosynthetic gene cluster in such a heterologous host in which the genes are expressed to form functional protein, allows the production of capreomycin derivatives in that host, as discussed in Table 5. Additionally, the combination of vioA with the genes of the capreomycin biosynthetic gene cluster other than cmnA (the cmnA can be excised in whole or in part from the gene cluster or inactivated as is known in the art) in such a heterologous host allows the production of additional capreomycin derivatives as described in Table 5. Further, derivatives such as the 19-OH capreomycins of Table 5 can be employed as intermediates for the synthesis of additional capreomycin derivatives such as those exemplified in Table 6.

The materials and methods provided herein allow production of the capreomycin IIA and IIB components in the absence of the capreomycin IA and IB components. Inactivation and/or excising any one or more of CmnM, CmnO or CmnP in the capreomycin gene cluster will result in the generation of the IIA and IIB components in the absence of the I A and IB capreomycin components. The separated capreomycin IIA and IIB components are useful in the absence of the IA and IB components as antibacterial agents, but are also useful as intermediates for the synthesis of additional capreomycin derivatives. The materials and methods of this invention allow generation of capreomycin derivatives which exhibit renewed activity against resistant bacteria, reduced unwanted side effects, and improved bioavailability for oral intake of the antibiotics rather than the currently used intramuscular injection.

Further, individual genes of the capreomycin biosynthetic cluster can be employed in combination with one or more biosynthetic genes of the viomycin biosynthetic cluster to generate viomycin derivatives.

The invention provides isolated and purified nucleic acid sequences which encode one or more of CmnA, CmnB, CmnC, CmnD, CmnE, CmnF, CmnG, CmnH, CmnI, CmnJ, CmnK, CmnL, CmnM, CmnN, CmnO, CmnP, CmnR, CmnU or Cph gene products (see Table 2). In an aspect, the nucleic acid sequence is not for the Cph gene product alone. The invention provides isolated and purified nucleic acid sequences which encode (1) one or more of CmnA, CmnB, CmnC, CmnD, CmnE, CmnF, CmnG, CmnH, CmnI, CmnJ, CmnK, CmnL, CmnM, CmnN, CmnO, CmnP, CmnR, CmnU or Cph gene products, as well as (2) homologous regulatory sequences sufficient for proper expression of the one or more gene products in a selected heterologous host, such as a strain of Streptomyces. The invention provides isolated and purified nucleic acid sequences which encode (1) one or more of CmnA, CmnB, CmnC, CmnD, CmnE, CmnF, CmnG, CmnH, CmnI, CmnJ, CmnK, CmnL, CmnM, CmnN, CmnO, CmnP, CmnR, CmnU or Cph gene products, as well as (2) heterologous regulatory sequences sufficient for proper expression of the one or more gene products in a selected non-Streptomyces heterologous host, such as a strain of Escherichia coli. Heterologous regulatory sequences which function for expression of coding sequences in such heterologous hosts are known in the art. One of ordinary skill in the art can employ the coding sequences provided herein in combination with known heterologous regulatory sequences and employing known techniques to prepare nucleic acid constructs for introduction into non-Streptomyces heterologous hosts for proper expression of function gene products. Provided herein are nucleotide sequences that encode for a polypeptide or protein having 90% or greater, 95% or greater, 98% or greater or 99% or greater sequence identity to any of the disclosed amino acid sequences (such as SEQ ID NOs:2-34). Optionally, a polypeptide sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence provided herein are further described in terms of the function of the corresponding protein of the CMN cluster.

In an aspect, the invention provides isolated and purified functional proteins produced by heterologous expression of one or more of the CmnA, CmnB, CmnC, CmnD, CmnE, CmnF, CmnG, CmnH, CmnI, CmnJ, CmnK, CmnL, CmnM, CmnN, CmnO, CmnP, CmnR, CmnU or Cph genes. Certain of these functional proteins are useful for in vitro synthesis or derivatization of peptide antibiotics, such as viomycin and capreomycin, and for regulating gene expression.

Further, the invention provides vectors, including expression vectors which contain a nucleic acid which encodes one or more of the CmnA, CmnB, CmnC, CmnD, CmnE, CmnF, CmnG, CmnH, CmnI, CmnJ, CmnK, CmnL, CmnM, CmnN, CmnO, CmnP or Cph gene products. The invention further provides vectors, including expression vectors, which contain a nucleic acid which encodes each of the CmnA, CmnB, CmnC, CmnD, CmnE, CmnF, CmnG, CmnH, CmnI, CmnJ, CmnK, CmnL, CmnN, or Cph gene products, such that functional products of each of the listed genes are expressed in a selected heterologous host into which the vector is introduced. In a specific embodiment, the invention provides a vector, particularly an expression vector, which comprises nucleic acid sequences which encode all of the gene products of CmnA, CmnB, CmnC, CmnD, CmnE, CmnF, CmnG, CmnH, CmnI, CmnJ, CmnK, CmnL, CmnM, CmnN, CmnO, CmnP or Cph such that functional products of each of the listed genes are expressed in a selected heterologous host into which the vector is introduced. In a specific embodiment, the invention provides a vector, particularly an expression vector, which comprises nucleic acid sequences sufficient for production of all four capreomycin components. In a specific embodiment, the invention provides a vector, particularly an expression vector, which comprises nucleic acid sequences sufficient for production of capreomycin IIA and IIB in the absence of components IA and IB. Such a vector does not contain nucleic acid sequences which allow expression of a functional product of expression of at least one of CmnM, CmnO, or CmnP. In a specific embodiment, the invention provides a vector which comprises only a portion of the functional capreomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from which functional products of the CmnA-CmnL, CmnN and Cph genes can be expressed in a heterologous host. In a specific embodiment, the invention provides a vector which comprises only a portion of the functional capreomycin biosynthetic gene cluster from which functional products of the all of the capreomycin biosynthetic genes other than CmnA can be expressed in a heterologous host. In a specific embodiment, the invention provides vectors which comprise nucleic acid sequence encoding the CmnA gene product.

Isolated nucleic acid molecules of this invention include those encoding the protein having the amino acid sequence of any one of the disclosed sequences of SEQ ID NOs:2-34, 2-20, 2-19, 2-17. Isolated nucleic acid molecules of this invention include those encoding the protein having the amino acid sequence of any one of the disclosed sequences of CmnA, CmnB, CmnC, CmnD, CmnE, CmnF, CmnG, CmnH, CmnI, CmnJ, CmnK, CmnL, CmnM, CmnN, CmnO, or CmnP gene products whose amino acid sequences is provided in TABLE 8. Isolated nucleic acid molecules of this invention include those having the nucleic acid sequences of one or more or CmnA, CmnB, CmnC, CmnD, CmnE, CmnF, CmnG, CmnH, CmnI, CmnJ, CmnK, CmnL, CmnM, CmnN, CmnO, or CmnP genes whose sequences are provided in TABLE 8.

The invention additionally provides heterologous host organisms into which one or more of the nucleic acid sequences or vectors of this invention have been introduced and wherein one or more of the capreomycin biosynthetic genes are expressed therein to form a functional gene product. More specifically the invention provides such heterologous host which are strains of Streptomyces, and more specifically which are strains of Streptomyces lividans or strains of Streptomyces coelicolor. In another embodiment, the invention provides a heterologous host, particularly a strain of Streptomyces, which produces one or more of the capreomycin components. The heterologous host organism is one that does not in the absence of introduction of nucleic acid sequences provided herein produce capreomycins. More specifically, the invention relates to such heterologous host organisms which produce all of the capreomycins or which produce capreomycins IIA and IIB in the absence of capreomycins IA and IB.

The invention additionally provides novel derivatives of capreomycin and viomycin which are produced by expression of one or more capreomycin biosynthetic genes of this invention in a heterologous host organism. In specific embodiments, the invention provides 19-OH capreomycin derivatives as described in Table 5.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1. Chemical structures of the four derivatives that make up CMN (left), and the structurally related tuberactinomycin antibiotic VIO (right). For simplicity, throughout this manuscript the four CMN derivatives are referred to as CMN when discussed together. When individual derivatives are discussed, they are identified as CMN IA, IB, IIA, or IIB in the text. Numbering of residues within structures is for guidance for the text.

FIG. 2. A schematic of the thirty-three S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus ORFs contained on the pCMN-P4C8RF cosmid. The CMN biosynthetic gene cluster consists of ORFs in grey and black. Those ORFs coding for proteins with significant sequence identity with proteins coded by the VIO biosynthetic gene cluster are shown in grey. The newly identified CMN resistance gene is shown in black. The remaining ORFs flanking the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster are shown in white.

FIG. 3. HPLC traces of (A) authentic CMN, (B) metabolites purified from strain EAF1001 (St. lividans 1326 containing the integrated pCMN-P4C8RF-436 cosmid), and (C) metabolites purified from EAF1003 (St. lividans 1326 containing the integrated pOJ436 cosmid). Metabolite elution was monitored at 268 nm. Arrows above peaks in trace A identify the peaks associated with the co-elution of CMN IA/IB and co-elution of CMN IIA/IIB. Twenty μg of authentic CMN was injected. For EAF1001 and EAF1003 samples, 100 ml of culture was used in the purification. The purified compounds were resuspended in 500 μl of H₂O. A portion of these samples was diluted 1:10 H₂O, and 20 μl of these diluted samples was injected into the HPLC.

FIG. 4. Schematic for the NRPS for the formation of the cyclic pentapeptide core of CMN (CmnF, CmnA, CmnF, CmnJ, and CmnG), followed by downstream carbamoylation by CmnL and the acylation of CMN IIA and IIB by the combined functions of CmnM and CmnO. The individual domains of the NRPS are noted as circles with the appropriate abbreviation to denote function. Abbreviations are: A, adenylation; PCP, peptidyl carrier protein; C condensation; X, domain of unknown function; C/, modified condensation domain. The arrows above the NRPS components depict the direction of pentapeptide synthesis on the NRPS. The numbering identifies the order in which the residues are incorporated into the cyclic pentapeptide backbone of CMN. The 2,3-L-DAP tethered to the PCP domain of CmnI is believed to be introduced by the A domain of CmnF, analogous to the mechanism described for the VIO NRPS (34); U.S. Pat. No. 7,326,782.

FIG. 5. Schematic for the pathways for L-2,3-DAP, CAM, and β-Lys formation during CMN biosynthesis. Abbreviations: L-2,3-DAP, L-2,3-diaminopropionate; CAM, (2S,3R)-capreomycidine; β-Lys, β-Lysine; βKG, β-ketoglutarate; PLP, pyridoxal phosphate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The term “biologically active agent” is used broadly herein to encompass any functional gene product or expression product generated directly or indirectly from the nucleic acid molecules of this invention. It can be among others an end-product antibiotic, an antibiotic precursor, synthetic intermediate for generation of antibiotic derivatives or an enzyme useful in the production of antibiotics. An antibiotic precursor is a substrate or intermediate involved in the biosynthesis of downstream end-product antibiotics.

The biologically active agent can be generated as a cationic or anionic species. The invention encompasses pharmaceutically acceptable salts of such cationic and anionic species. It is noted that the capreomycins and derivatives thereof can be generated in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts such as sulfates. Capreomycins and derivatives thereof of this invention include such pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms.

Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts include salts of pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, sulphuric, phosphoric, nitric, carbonic, boric, sulfamic, and hydrobromic acids, or salts of pharmaceutically acceptable organic acids such as acetic, propionic, butyric, tartaric, maleic, hydroxymaleic, fumaric, maleic, citric, lactic, mucic, gluconic, benzoic, succinic, oxalic, phenylacetic, methanesulphonic, toluenesulphonic, benzenesulphonic, salicylic, sulphanilic, aspartic, glutamic, edetic, stearic, palmitic, oleic, lauric, pantothenic, tannic, ascorbic and valeric acids.

Base salts include, but are not limited to, those formed with pharmaceutically acceptable cations, such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium and alkylammonium. Also, basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternised with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl and diethyl sulfate; and others.

SEQUENCE VARIATION: Some protein and nucleic acid sequence variation is tolerated without loss of function. In fact, some nucleic acid and protein sequence variation is expected and understood in the art, without substantially affecting protein function.

A variant nucleic acid sequence of the invention has (1) at least about 90%, more preferably at least about 95%, and even more preferably at least about 98%, but less than 100%, contiguous nucleic acid sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence which encodes a biologically functional amino acid product, or functional fragment thereof, of any of the capreomycin biosynthetic genes whose amino acid sequences are provided herein; (2) has at least about 90%, more preferably at least about 95%, and even more preferably at least about 98%, but less than 100%, contiguous nucleic acid sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence or functional fragment thereof, of any of the capreomycin biosynthetic genes whose nucleic acid sequences are provided herein; (3) encodes for a gene product having at least about 90%, more preferably at least about 95%, and even more preferably at least about 98%, but less than 100%, contiguous amino acid sequence identity to any of the gene products (SEQ ID Nos:2-20) of the capreomycin biosynthetic gene products. Variant nucleic acid sequences still encode a functional gene product. The amino acid and/or nucleic acid similarity (or homology) of two sequences can be determined manually or using computer algorithms well known to the art. It is noted herein that the genes of the capreomycin biosynthetic gene cluster exhibit organizational, structural and functional similarity to corresponding genes of the viomycin biosynthetic gene cluster (U.S. Pat. No. 7,326,782, specifically incorporated by reference to the extent not inconsistent with the present disclosure). On average the cmn biosynthetic genes exhibit on average about 77% sequence homology with the corresponding vio biosynthetic genes.

The present invention further includes isolated and purified DNA sequences which hybridize under stringent conditions to the nucleic acid molecules of the invention. Hybridization procedures are useful for identifying polynucleotides with sufficient homology to the subject sequences to be useful as taught herein. The particular hybridization techniques are not essential to the subject invention. As improvements are made in hybridization techniques, they can be readily applied by one of ordinary skill in the art.

A probe and sample are combined in a hybridization buffer solution and held at an appropriate temperature until annealing occurs. Thereafter, the membrane is washed free of extraneous materials, leaving the sample and bound probe molecules typically detected and quantified by autoradiography and/or liquid scintillation counting. As is well known in the art, if the probe molecule and nucleic acid sample hybridize by forming a strong non-covalent bond between the two molecules, it can be reasonably assumed that the probe and sample are essentially identical, or completely complementary if the annealing and washing steps are carried out under conditions of high stringency. The probe's detectable label provides a means for determining whether hybridization has occurred.

In the use of the oligonucleotides or polynucleotides as probes, the particular probe is labeled with any suitable label known to those skilled in the art, including radioactive and non-radioactive labels. Typical radioactive labels include ³²P, ³⁵S, or the like. Non-radioactive labels include, for example, ligands such as biotin or thyroxine, as well as enzymes such as hydrolases or peroxidases, or a chemiluminescer such as luciferin, or fluorescent compounds like fluorescein and its derivatives. Alternatively, the probes can be made inherently fluorescent as described in International Application No. WO 93/16094.

Various degrees of stringency of hybridization can be employed. The more stringent the conditions, the greater the complementarity that is required for duplex formation. Stringency can be controlled by temperature, probe concentration, probe length, ionic strength, time, and the like. Preferably, hybridization is conducted under moderate to high stringency conditions by techniques well known in the art, as described, for example in Keller, G. H., M. M. Manak (1987) DNA Probes, Stockton Press, New York, N.Y., pp. 169-170, hereby incorporated by reference. For example, stringent conditions are those that (1) employ low ionic strength and high temperature for washing, for example, 0.015 M NaCl/0.0015 M sodium citrate (SSC); 0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS) at 50° C., or (2) employ a denaturing agent such as formamide during hybridization, e.g., 50% formamide with 0.1% bovine serum albumin/0.1% Ficoll/0.1% polyvinylpyrrolidone/50 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 6.5 with 750 mM NaCl, 75 mM sodium citrate at 42° C. Another example is use of 50% formamide, 5×SSC (0.75 M NaCl, 0.075 M sodium citrate), 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 6.8), 0.1% sodium pyrophosphate, 5 times Denhardt's solution, sonicated salmon sperm DNA (50 μg/ml), 0.1% sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), and 10% dextran sulfate at 4° C., with washes at 42° C. in 0.2×SSC and 0.1% SDS.

An example of high stringency conditions is hybridizing at 68° C. in 5×SSC/5×Denhardt's solution/0.1% SDS, and washing in 0.2×SSC/0.1% SDS at room temperature. An example of conditions of moderate stringency is hybridizing at 68° C. in 5×SSC/5×Denhardt's solution/0.1% SDS and washing at 42° C. in 3×SSC. The parameters of temperature and salt concentration can be varied to achieve the desired level of sequence identity between probe and target nucleic acid. See, e.g., Sambrook et al. (1989) supra or Ausubel et al. (1995) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, NY, N.Y., for further guidance on hybridization conditions.

In general, salt and/or temperature can be altered to change stringency. With a labeled DNA fragment >70 or so bases in length, the following conditions can be used: Low, 1 or 2×SSPE, room temperature; Low, 1 or 2×SSPE, 42° C.; Moderate, 0.2× or 1×SSPE, 65° C.; and High, 0.1×SSPE, 65° C.

The term “sequence homology” or “sequence identity” means the proportion of base matches between two nucleic acid sequences or the proportion of amino acid matches between two amino acid sequences. When sequence homology or identity is expressed as a percentage, e.g., 95%, the percentage denotes the fraction of matches over the length of sequence that is compared to some other sequence. Gaps (in either of the two sequences) are permitted to maximize matching; gap lengths of 15 bases or less are usually used, 6 bases or less are preferred with 2 bases or less more preferred. When using oligonucleotides as probes, the sequence homology between the target nucleic acid and the oligonucleotide sequence is generally not less than 17 target base matches out of 20 possible oligonucleotide base pair matches (85%); preferably not less than 9 matches out of 10 possible base pair matches (90%), and more preferably not less than 19 matches out of 20 possible base pair matches (95%).

“Similarity,” when comparing two amino acid sequences, encompasses amino acids that are “identical” and amino acids whose side groups have similar properties (e.g. basic, polar, etc). “Identical” or “identity” only encompasses amino acids that are identical.

Two amino acid sequences are homologous if there is a partial or complete identity between their sequences. For example, 85% homology means that 85% of the amino acids are identical when the two sequences are aligned for maximum matching. Gaps (in either of the two sequences being matched) are allowed in maximizing matching; gap lengths of 6 or less are preferred with 2 or less being more preferred. Alternatively and preferably, two protein sequences (or polypeptide sequences derived from them of at least 30 amino acids in length) are homologous, as this term is used herein, if they have an alignment score of more than 5 (in standard deviation units) using the program ALIGN with the mutation data matrix and a gap penalty of 6 or greater. See Dayhoff, M. O., in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, 1972, volume 5, National Biomedical Research Foundation, pp. 101-110, and Supplement 2 this volume, pp. 1-10. The two sequences or parts thereof are more preferably homologous if their amino acids are greater than or equal to 50% identical when optimally aligned using the ALIGN program.

The following terms are used to describe the sequence relationships between two or more polynucleotides: “reference sequence”, “comparison window”, “sequence identity”, “percentage of sequence identity”, and “substantial identity”. A “reference sequence” is a defined sequence used as a basis for a sequence comparison; a reference sequence can be a subset of a larger sequence, for example, as a segment of a full-length cDNA or gene sequence given in a sequence listing, or can comprise a complete cDNA or gene sequence. Generally, a reference sequence is at least 20 nucleotides in length, frequently at least 25 nucleotides in length, and often at least 50 nucleotides in length. Since two polynucleotides can each (1) comprise a sequence (i.e., a portion of the complete polynucleotide sequence) that is similar between the two polynucleotides, and (2) can further comprise a sequence that is divergent between the two polynucleotides, sequence comparisons between two (or more) polynucleotides are typically performed by comparing sequences of the two polynucleotides over a “comparison window” to identify and compare local regions of sequence similarity.

A “comparison window”, as used herein, refers to a conceptual segment of at least 20 contiguous nucleotides and wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window can comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) of 20 percent or less as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. Optimal alignment of sequences for aligning a comparison window can be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman (1981) Adv. Appl. Math. 2: 482, by the homology alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (1970) J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443, by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman (1988) Proc; Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 85: 2444, by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT, FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package Release 7.0, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by inspection, and the best alignment (i.e., resulting in the highest percentage of homology over the comparison window) generated by the various methods is selected.

The term “sequence identity” means that two polynucleotide sequences are identical (i.e., on a nucleotide-by-nucleotide basis) over the window of comparison. The term “percentage of sequence identity” is calculated by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over the window of comparison, determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base (e.g., A, T, C, G, U, or I) occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison (i.e., the window size), and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity. The terms “substantial identity” as used herein denote a characteristic of a polynucleotide sequence, wherein the polynucleotide when optimally aligned, such as by the programs GAP or BESTFIT using default gap weights, comprises a sequence that has at least 80 percent sequence identity, preferably at least 90 to 95 percent sequence identity, more usually at least 99 percent sequence identity as compared to a reference sequence over a comparison window of at least 20 nucleotide positions, frequently over a window of at least 20-50 nucleotides. The percentage of sequence identity is calculated by comparing the reference sequence to the polynucleotide sequence which can include deletions or additions which total 20 percent or less of the reference sequence over the window of comparison.

NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE VARIATION: The present invention contemplates nucleic acid sequences which hybridize under high stringency hybridization conditions to the exemplified nucleic acid sequences set forth herein. Thus, nucleic acid sequences encoding variant polypeptides, i.e., those having at least one amino acid substitution, insertion, addition or deletion, or nucleic acid sequences having conservative (e.g., silent) nucleotide substitutions, and which exhibit such a hybridization relationship are within the scope of the invention. Preferably, variant polypeptides encoded by the nucleic acid sequences of the invention are biologically active. The present invention also contemplates naturally occurring allelic variations and mutations of the nucleic acid sequences described herein.

Duplex formation and stability depend on substantial complementarity between the two strands of a hybrid, and, as noted above, a certain degree of mismatch can be tolerated. Therefore, the sequences of the subject invention include mutations (both single and multiple), deletions, insertions of the described sequences, and combinations thereof, wherein said mutations, insertions and deletions permit formation of stable hybrids with the target polynucleotide of interest. Mutations, insertions, and deletions can be produced in a given polynucleotide sequence in many ways, and those methods are known to an ordinarily skilled artisan. Other methods may become known in the future.

These variants can be used in the same manner as the exemplified sequences so long as the variants have substantial sequence homology with the original sequence. As used herein, substantial sequence homology refers to homology sufficient to enable the variant polynucleotide to function in the same capacity as the polynucleotide from which the variant was derived. The degree of homology or identity needed for the variant to function in its intended capacity depends upon the intended use of the sequence. It is well within the skill of a person trained in this art to make mutational, insertional, and deletional mutations which are equivalent in function or are designed to improve the function of the sequence or otherwise provide a methodological advantage.

As is well known in the art, because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, there are numerous other DNA and RNA molecules that can code for the same polypeptides as those encoded by the exemplified biosynthetic genes and fragments thereof. DNA and RNA molecules that have different genetic codes, but encode identical polypeptides, are called “degenerate variants.” The present invention, therefore, contemplates those other DNA and RNA molecules which, on expression, encode the polypeptides of the capreomycin biosynthetic genes or polypeptides that have a sequence identity that is greater than 95%, 97% or 99% while maintaining function of the native gene product having the amino acid sequence set forth herein. Having identified the amino acid residue sequence encoded by a capreomycin biosynthetic gene, and with knowledge of all triplet codons for each particular amino acid residue, it is possible to describe all such encoding RNA and DNA sequences. DNA and RNA molecules other than those specifically disclosed herein and, which molecules are characterized simply by a change in a codon for a particular amino acid, are within the scope of this invention.

The 20 common amino acids and their representative abbreviations, symbols and codons are well known in the art (see, for example, Molecular Biology of the Cell, Second Edition, B. Alberts et al., Garland Publishing Inc., New York and London, 1989). As is also well known in the art, codons constitute triplet sequences of nucleotides in mRNA molecules and as such, are characterized by the base uracil (U) in place of base thymidine (T) which is present in DNA molecules. A simple change in a codon for the same amino acid residue within a polynucleotide will not change the structure of the encoded polypeptide. By way of example, substitution of the GAG codon with a GAA codon, or vice versa, does not alter the fact that glutamic acid is placed at that location; nor does this type of substitution substantially alter the DNA sequence. Such a substitution results in production of the same polypeptide. In a similar manner, substitutions of the recited codons with other equivalent codons can be made in a like manner without departing from the scope of the present invention.

A nucleic acid molecule, segment or sequence of the present invention can also be an RNA molecule, segment or sequence. An RNA molecule contemplated by the present invention corresponds to, is complementary to or hybridizes under low, moderate or high stringency conditions to, any of the DNA sequences set forth herein. Exemplary and preferred RNA molecules are mRNA molecules that comprise at least one capreomycin biosynthetic gene of this invention.

Mutations can be made to the native nucleic acid sequences of the invention and such mutants used in place of the native sequence, so long as the mutants are able to function with other sequences to collectively catalyze the synthesis of the desired antibiotic. Such mutations can be made to the native sequences using conventional techniques such as by preparing synthetic oligonucleotides including the mutations and inserting the mutated sequence into the gene using restriction endonuclease digestion. (See, e.g., Kunkel, T. A. Proc, Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1985) 82:448; Geisselsoder et al. BioTechniques (1987) 5:786). Alternatively, the mutations can be effected using a mismatched primer (generally 10-30 nucleotides in length) which hybridizes to the native nucleotide sequence (generally cDNA corresponding to the RNA sequence), at a temperature below the melting temperature of the mismatched duplex. The primer can be made specific by keeping primer length and base composition within relatively narrow limits and by keeping the mutant base centrally located. Zoller and Smith, Methods Enzymol. (1983) 100:468. Primer extension is effected using DNA polymerase, the product cloned and clones containing the mutated DNA, derived by segregation of the primer extended strand, selected. Selection can be accomplished using the mutant primer as a hybridization probe. The technique is also applicable for generating multiple point mutations. See, e.g., Dalbie-McFarland et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1982) 79:6409. PCR mutagenesis will also find use for effecting the desired mutations. Alternatively, in frame deletions can be used (Kieser et al., 2000ab).

Random mutagenesis of the nucleotide sequence can be accomplished by several different techniques known in the art, such as by altering sequences within restriction endonuclease sites, inserting an oligonucleotide linker randomly into a plasmid, by irradiation with X-rays or ultraviolet light, by incorporating incorrect nucleotides during in vitro DNA synthesis, by error-prone PCR mutagenesis, by preparing synthetic mutants or by damaging plasmid DNA in vitro with chemicals. Chemical mutagens include, for example, sodium bisulfite, nitrous acid, hydroxylamine, agents which damage or remove bases thereby preventing normal base-pairing such as hydrazine or formic acid, analogues of nucleotide precursors such as nitrosoguanidine, 5-bromouracil, 2-aminopurine, or acridine intercalating agents such as proflavine, acriflavine, quinacrine, and the like. Generally, plasmid DNA or DNA fragments are treated with chemicals, transformed into E. coli and propagated as a pool or library of mutant plasmids.

PROTEIN SEQUENCE VARIATION: Variation in the amino acid sequence of gene products (proteins) is expected. Proteins can also retain function even after deletion of one or both ends of the protein. Tolerance is also permitted in the precise start and stop locations of the genes encoding functionally equivalent polypeptides. Some adjacent genes can overlap, while others do not. In addition, one or more conservative amino acid substitutions will not substantially affect protein function. Non-conservative amino acid substitutions in regions of the protein that are not functional will not substantially affect protein function.

A preferred functional variant polypeptide includes a variant polypeptide or functional fragment thereof having at least about 10%, more preferably at least about 50% and more preferably at least about 90% of the activity of the polypeptide having the amino acid sequence comprising one of the encoded polypeptides of a capreomycin biosynthetic gene of this invention. For example, the activity of a polypeptide encoded by cmnP can be compared to a variant polypeptide having at least one amino acid substitution, insertion, or deletion relative to the cmnP gene product (cmnP polypeptide). Variant polypeptides are “substantially functionally equivalent” to the polypeptides in this invention, if the variant has at least about 10% the biological activity of the corresponding non-variant polypeptide of this invention. More preferably, the variant polypeptide is “functionally equivalent” and has at least about 50% of the biological activity of the corresponding non-variant polypeptide of this invention, more preferably 90% and greater activity and all subcombinations between.

Similar to nucleotide sequences, the homology between two polypeptide sequences can be determined. Two proteins are substantially identical if they share 90% sequence identity, more preferably 95%, and more preferably at least about 98% or 99% sequence identity. Substantial identity also encompasses two sequences that have conservative amino acid substitutions, as described below. In an aspect, the invention comprises amino acid sequences that are functionally and substantially functionally equivalent to the amino acid sequences of the gene products of this invention.

One or more of the residues of the polypeptides of the cluster (e.g., SEQ ID NOs:2-20) can be altered, so long as the polypeptide variant is biologically active, such as the putative biological function described herein. Conservative amino acid substitutions are preferred—that is, for example, aspartic-glutamic as acidic amino acids; lysine/arginine/histidine as basic amino acids; leucine/isoleucine, methionine/valine, alanine/valine as hydrophobic amino acids; serine/glycine/alanine/threonine as hydrophilic amino acids. Conservative amino acid substitution also includes groupings based on side chains. For example, a group of amino acids having aliphatic side chains is glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; a group of amino acids having aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains is serine and threonine; a group of amino acids having amide-containing side chains is asparagine and glutamine; a group of amino acids having aromatic side chains is phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; a group of amino acids having basic side chains is lysine, arginine, and histidine; and a group of amino acids having sulfur-containing side chains is cysteine and methionine. For example, it is reasonable to expect that replacement of a leucine with an isoleucine or valine, an aspartate with a glutamate, a threonine with a serine, or a similar replacement of an amino acid with a structurally related amino acid will not have a major affect on the properties of the resulting variant polypeptide. Whether an amino acid change results in a functional polypeptide can readily be determined by assaying the specific activity of the polypeptide variant.

Amino acid substitutions falling within the scope of the invention, are, in general, accomplished by selecting substitutions that do not differ significantly in their affect on maintaining (a) the structure of the peptide backbone in the area of the substitution, (b) the charge or hydrophobicity of the molecule at the target site, or (c) the bulk of the side chain.

The invention also encompasses polypeptide variants with non-conservative substitutions wherein the variant is functionally equivalent or substantially functionally equivalent to the native protein. Non-conservative substitutions entail exchanging a member of one of the classes described above for another.

Acid addition salts of the polypeptide or variant polypeptide or of amino residues of the polypeptide or variant polypeptide can be prepared by contacting the polypeptide or amine with one or more equivalents of the desired inorganic or organic acid, such as, for example, hydrochloric acid. Esters of carboxyl groups of the polypeptides can also be prepared by any of the usual methods known in the art.

PURIFICATION: The present isolated, biologically active purified polypeptides, variants or fragments thereof, can be further purified by well known techniques in the art, including fractionation on immunoaffinity or ion-exchange columns; ethanol precipitation; reverse phase HPLC; chromatography on silica or on an anion-exchange resin such as DEAE; chromatofocusing; SDS-PAGE; ammonium sulfate precipitation; gel filtration using, for example, Sephadex G-75; or ligand affinity chromatography. These isolated polypeptides are useful as starting compounds or enzymes to generate particular antibiotics, specifically capreomycins, viomycins and novel derivatives thereof.

Heterologous Expression Cassettes (also called chimeric), Vectors and Host Cells of the Invention: As used herein, “heterologous” as applied to DNA sequences means that a vector comprises DNA from at least two different species, or comprises DNA from the same species, which is linked or associated in a manner which does not occur in the “native” or wild type of the species. The recombinant DNA sequence or segment, used for transformation herein, can be circular or linear, double-stranded or single-stranded. Generally, the DNA sequence or segment is in the form of heterologous DNA, such as plasmid DNA, that can also contain coding regions flanked by control sequences which promote the expression of the DNA present in the resultant transformed (recombinant) host cell. Aside from DNA sequences that serve as transcription units for the nucleic acid molecules of the invention or portions thereof, a portion of the DNA can be untranscribed, serving a regulatory or a structural function. For example, the preselected DNA can itself comprise a promoter that is active in a particular host cell.

Other elements functional in the host cells, such as introns, enhancers, polyadenylation sequences and the like, can also be a part of the DNA. Such elements may or may not be necessary for the function of the DNA, but may provide improved expression of the DNA by affecting transcription, stability of the mRNA, or the like. Such elements can be included in the DNA as desired to obtain the optimal performance of the transforming DNA in the cell.

“Control sequences” (also called regulatory sequences) is defined to mean DNA sequences necessary for the expression of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular host organism. The control sequences that are suitable for prokaryotic cells, for example, include a promoter, and optionally an operator sequence, and a ribosome binding site. Eukaryotic cells are known to utilize promoters, polyadenylation signals, and enhancers. Other regulatory sequences may also be desirable which allow for regulation of expression of the genes relative to the growth of the host cell. Regulatory sequences are known to those of skill in the art, and examples include those which cause the expression of a gene to be turned on or off in response to a chemical or physical stimulus, including the presence of a regulatory compound. Other types of regulatory elements can also be present in the vector, for example, enhancer sequences.

“Operably linked” means that the nucleic acids are placed in a functional relationship with respect to another nucleic acid sequence. For example, a promoter or enhancer is operably linked to a coding sequence if it affects the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operably linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to facilitate translation. Generally, operably linked means that the DNA sequences being linked are contiguous and, in the case of a secretory leader, contiguous and in reading phase. However, enhancers do not have to be contiguous. Linking is accomplished by ligation at convenient restriction sites. If such sites do not exist, the synthetic oligonucleotide adaptors or linkers are used in accord with conventional practice.

The DNA to be introduced into the cells further will generally contain either a selectable marker gene or a reporter gene or both to facilitate identification and selection of transformed cells from the population of cells sought to be transformed. Alternatively, the selectable marker can be carried on a separate piece of DNA and used in a co-transformation procedure. Both selectable markers and reporter genes can be flanked with appropriate regulatory sequences to enable expression in the host cells. Useful selectable markers are well known in the art and include, for example, antibiotic and herbicide-resistance genes, such as neo, hpt, dhfr, bar, aroA, dapA and the like. See also, the genes listed on Table 1 of Lundquist et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 5,848,956).

Reporter genes are used for identifying potentially transformed cells and for evaluating the functionality of regulatory sequences. Reporter genes which encode for easily assayable proteins are well known in the art. In general, a reporter gene is a gene which is not present in or expressed by the recipient organism or tissue and which encodes a protein whose expression is manifested by some easily detectable property, e.g., enzymatic activity. Expression of the reporter gene is assayed at a suitable time after the DNA has been introduced into the recipient cells.

Prokaryotic expression systems are preferred, and in particular, systems compatible with Streptomyces sp. are of particular interest. Control elements for use in such systems include promoters, optionally containing operator sequences, and ribosome binding sites. Particularly useful promoters include control sequences derived from the gene clusters of the invention. Preferred promoters are Streptomyces promoters, including but not limited to the ermE, pikA, and tipA promoters. Additional examples include promoter sequences derived from biosynthetic enzymes such as tryptophan (trp), the β-lactamase promoter system, bacteriophage lambda PL, and T5. In addition, synthetic promoters, such as the tac promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 4,551,433), which do not occur in nature, also function in bacterial host cells.

The various nucleic acid molecules of interest can be cloned into one or more recombinant vectors as individual cassettes, with separate control elements, or under the control of, e.g., a single promoter. The nucleic acid molecules can include flanking restriction sites to allow for the easy deletion and insertion of other sequences. The design of such unique restriction sites is known to those of skill in the art and can be accomplished using the techniques, such as site-directed mutagenesis and PCR.

For sequences generated by random mutagenesis, the choice of vector depends on the pool of mutant sequences, i.e., donor or recipient, with which they are to be employed. Furthermore, the choice of vector determines the host cell to be employed in subsequent steps of the claimed method. Any transducible cloning vector can be used as a cloning vector for the donor pool of mutants. It is preferred, however, that phagemids, cosmids, or similar cloning vectors be used for cloning the donor pool of mutant encoding nucleotide sequences into the host cell. Phagemids and cosmids, for example, are advantageous vectors due to the ability to insert and stably propagate therein larger fragments of DNA than in M13 phage and lambda phage, respectively. Phagemids which will find use in this method generally include hybrids between plasmids and filamentous phage cloning vehicles. Cosmids which will find use in this method generally include lambda phage-based vectors into which cos sites have been inserted. Recipient pool cloning vectors can be any suitable plasmid. The cloning vectors into which pools of mutants are inserted can be identical or can be constructed to harbor and express different genetic markers (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., supra). Vectors containing marker genes are useful to determine whether or not transfection is successful.

The general methods for constructing recombinant DNA which can transform target cells are well known to those skilled in the art, and the same compositions and methods of construction can be utilized to produce the DNA useful herein. For example, J. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press (2d ed., 1989), provides suitable methods of construction.

The recombinant DNA can be readily introduced into the host cells by any procedure useful for the introduction into a particular cell, e.g., calcium phosphate precipitation, protoplast fusion, conjugation, lipofection, electroporation, gene gun and the like.

As used herein, the term “cell line” or “heterologous host cell” is intended to refer to well-characterized homogenous, biologically pure populations of cells. These cells can be eukaryotic cells that are neoplastic or which have been “immortalized” in vitro by methods known in the art, as well as primary cells, or prokaryotic cells. In particular, the cell line or host cell can be of mammalian, plant, insect, yeast, fungal or bacterial origin. Preferred heterologous host cells are prokaryotic cells.

“Transfected” or “transformed” is used herein to include any host cell or cell line, the genome of which has been altered or augmented by the presence of at least one DNA sequence, which DNA is also referred to in the art of genetic engineering as “heterologous DNA,” “recombinant DNA,” “exogenous DNA,” “genetically engineered,” “non-native,” or “foreign DNA,” wherein said DNA was isolated and introduced into the genome of the host cell or cell line by the process of genetic engineering. The transfected DNA can be maintained as an extrachromosomal element or as an element which is stably integrated into the host chromosome of the host cell. Host cells with transfected DNA maintained as an extrachromosomal element or as an element stable integrated into the host chromosome are referred to as a “recombinant host cell.”

Moreover, recombinant polypeptides having a particular activity can be prepared via “gene-shuffling”. See, for example, Crameri et al., Nature, 391, 288 (1998); Patten et al., Curr. Op. Biotech., 8, 724 (1997), U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,458, 5,834,252, 5,830,727, 5,811,238, 5,605,793).

For phagemids, upon infection of the host cell which contains a phagemid, single-stranded phagemid DNA is produced, packaged and extruded from the cell in the form of a transducing phage in a manner similar to other phage vectors. Thus, clonal amplification of mutant encoding nucleotide sequences carried by phagemids is accomplished by propagating the phagemids in a suitable host cell.

Following clonal amplification, the cloned donor pool of mutants is infected with a helper phage to obtain a mixture of phage particles containing either the helper phage genome or phagemids mutant alleles of the wild-type encoding nucleotide sequence.

Infection, or transfection, of host cells with helper phage is generally accomplished by methods well known in the art (see., e.g., Sambrook et al., supra; and Russell et al. (1986) Gene 45:333-338).

The helper phage can be any phage which can be used in combination with the cloning phage to produce an infective transducing phage. For example, if the cloning vector is a cosmid, the helper phage will necessarily be a lambda phage. Preferably, the cloning vector is a phagemid and the helper phage is a filamentous phage, and preferably phage M13.

If desired after infecting the phagemid with helper phage and obtaining a mixture of phage particles, the transducing phage can be separated from helper phage based on size difference (Barnes et al. (1983) Methods Enzymol. 101:98-122), or other similarly effective techniques.

The entire spectrum of cloned donor mutations can now be transduced into clonally amplified recipient cells into which have been transduced or transformed a pool of mutant encoding nucleotide sequences. Recipient cells which can be employed in the method disclosed and claimed herein can be, for example, E. coli, or other bacterial expression systems which are not recombination deficient. A recombination deficient cell is a cell in which recombinatorial events are greatly reduced, such as rec.sup.-mutants of E. coli (see, Clark et al. (1965) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 53:451-459).

These transductants can now be selected for the desired expressed protein property or characteristic and, if necessary or desirable, amplified. Optionally, if the phagemids into which each pool of mutants is cloned are constructed to express different genetic markers, as described above, transductants can be selected by way of their expression of both donor and recipient plasmid markers.

The recombinants generated by the above-described methods can then be subjected to selection or screening by any appropriate method, for example, enzymatic or other biological activity.

The above cycle of amplification, infection, transduction, and recombination can be repeated any number of times using additional donor pools cloned on phagemids. As above, the phagemids into which each pool of mutants is cloned can be constructed to express a different marker gene. Each cycle could increase the number of distinct mutants by up to a factor of 10⁶. Thus, if the probability of occurrence of an inter-allelic recombination event in any individual cell is f (a parameter that is actually a function of the distance between the recombining mutations), the transduced culture from two pools of 10⁶ allelic mutants will express up to 10¹² distinct mutants in a population of 10¹²/f cells.

In specific embodiments the present invention employs genes and gene products of the viomycin biosynthetic gene cluster. This gene cluster is described in detail in published PCT application publication no. WO 2005/021586 (Thomas et al.) published Mar. 10, 2005. A description of the viomycin biosynthetic cluster is also provided in Thomas et al. (2003) Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy (September) pages 2823-2830. Both of these references are specifically incorporated in their entirety herein to provide the details including sequence and functional information on the various viomycin biosynthetic genes and the protein products of such genes.

In specific embodiments of this invention, the materials and methods of this invention are useful for the production of capreomycin or viomycin derivatives. Dirlam et al. in three papers published consecutively in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chem Letters, Vol. 7, No. 9, 1997 on pages (1) 1139-1144; (2) 1145-1148 and (3) 1149-1152 and Yamada et al. (1981) Antimicrob. Agents Chemotherapy 20(6):834-836 provide details of synthetic modifications that can be combined with and applied to the capreomycins and capreomycin derivatives of this invention to generate additional antibiotic derivatives. These references are incorporated by reference herein to provide the details of such methods and derivatives for use in combination with the teachings and descriptions herein.

In specific embodiments of this invention, capreomycin and derivatives thereof are produced in heterologous host organisms. Watanabe et al Nature Chemical Biology (August 2006) 2(8):423-428 provides examples of biosynthesis of antitumor nonribosomal peptides in such a heterologous host (E. coli). This reference is incorporated by reference in its entirety herein to provide details of carrying out production of proteins and polypeptides in such heterologous organisms which can be readily adapted by one of ordinary skill in the art to the biosynthetic genes of this invention.

Examples

Capreomycin (CMN) belongs to the tuberactinomycin family of nonribosomal peptide antibiotics that are essential components of the drug arsenal for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Members of this antibiotic family target the ribosome of sensitive bacteria and disrupt the function of both subunits of the ribosome. Resistance to these antibiotics in Mycobacterium species arises due to mutations in the genes coding for the 16S or 23S rRNA, but can also arise due to mutations in a gene coding for a rRNA modifying enzyme, TlyA. While Mycobacterium species develop resistance due to alterations in the drug target, it has been proposed that the CMN-producing bacterium, Saccharothrix mutabilis subsp. capreolus, uses CMN modification as a mechanism for resistance, rather than ribosome modification. To better understand CMN biosynthesis and resistance in S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus, we focused on the identification of CMN biosynthetic gene cluster in this bacterium. Here we present the cloning and sequence analysis of the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster from Saccharothrix mutabilis subsp. capreolus ATCC 23892. We provide evidence for the heterologous production of CMN in the genetically tractable bacterium Streptomyces lividans 1326. Finally, we present data supporting the existence of an additional CMN resistance gene. This resistance gene codes for an rRNA modifying enzyme that results in the formation of CMN-resistant ribosomes that are also resistant to the aminoglycoside antibiotic kanamycin. Thus, the results herein support that S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus also uses ribosome modification as a mechanism for CMN resistance.

Bacterial strains, plasmids, and growth medium. The strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table 1. S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus (ATCC 23892) was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. St. lividans 1326 was kindly provided by Dr. Amy Gehring (Williams College). S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus and St. lividans 1326 were propagated on ISP2 medium (Difco, Becton Dickinson Microbiology Systems, Sparks, Md.). St. lividans 1326 was grown in yeast extract-malt extract (YEME) medium (21) to produce mycelia for generating protoplasts. S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus was grown in YEME medium to produce mycelia for chromosomal DNA preparation. For heterologous production of CMN, St. lividans 1326 strains were grown in VIO production medium as previously described (31, 34). All Escherichia coli strains were grown in Luria-Bertani (LB) liquid medium or on LB solid medium with appropriate antibiotics. Kanamycin (50 μg/ml), apramycin (50 μg/ml), ampicillin (100 μg/ml) and chloramphenicol (30 μg/ml) were used in solid and liquid medium for propagation of plasmids or cosmids in E. coli.

Genomic DNA isolation and cosmid library construction. High-molecular weight chromosomal DNA of S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus was prepared from YEME-grown mycelia. Approximately 0.3 g (wet weight) of mycelia was washed with 500 μL of lysis buffer (10.3% [w/v] sucrose, 25 mM Tris-Cl, 25 mM EDTA, pH 8.0), mycelia were collected by centrifugation and resuspended in lysis buffer containing 5 mg/ml of lysozyme. The sample was incubated at 37° C. for 30 min followed by the addition of 250 μl of 2% (w/v) sodium dodecyl sulfate. The sample was mixed and then added to 125 μl of phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1). The sample was vortexed, and then centrifuged (14,000 rpm for 15 min). The aqueous layer was collected and isopropanol and sodium acetate (pH 5.2) were added to precipitate the DNA. The sample was centrifuged (10,000 rpm for 10 min), the supernatant poured off, and the DNA pellet was washed with 70% (v/v) ethanol. The DNA pellet was dried and resuspended in 100 μl of 10 mM Tris-Cl (pH8.0), 1 mM EDTA (pH8.0).

Purified DNA was digested with Sau3AI to give 30-50 kb fragments that were subsequently ligated into the BamHI site of SuperCos1 and packaged into lambda phage using Gigapack III XL Packaging Extract Kit following the manufacturer's instructions (Stratagene, Cedar Creek, Tex.). The packaged cosmid pool was used to infect E. coli XL1-Blue MR according to the manufacturer's instructions (Stratagene). A total of 672 cosmid-containing clones were isolated and individually frozen at −80° C. in microtiter dish wells as well as in pools of 8 clones consisting of 25 μl from each member of a microtiter dish column. Thus, column pools could be screened for the CMN gene cluster first, followed by individual clones of the targeted column.

Screening of cosmid library. Column pools of the cosmid library were screened by PCR amplification for cph, one of the known CMN resistance genes (33). The primers used for this screen were: Cph/For (5′-CCCACCTTGTTGACGTGGT-3′) (SEQ ID NO:35) and Cph/Rev (5′-TCAGCGGTAGGCGGTCAG-3′) (SEQ ID NO:36). Boiled cells of each cosmid pool were used as a source of template DNA for PCR amplification. Individual members of each cph-positive cosmid pool were subsequently screened by PCR amplification to identify the specific positive clone. Cosmid PCMN-P4C8RF was identified as a cph-positive cosmid. The two primers described above and two primers that were the reverse complement to these primers were used in sequencing reactions to confirm that the entire cph was contained on pCMN-P4C8RF.

Sequencing and annotation of pCMN-P4C8RF. Two- to three-kb fragments of DNA from pCMN-P4C8RF were subcloned into pSMARTLCKan by Lucigen Corp. (Middleton, Wis.). The subclones were sequenced at the University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center (five-fold coverage, two-fold minimum). Contigs were assembled using the SeqMan program (Lasergene, Madison, Wis.). Annotation of the ORFs and putative gene functions were assigned using a combination of MapDraw (Lasergene), FramePlot 3.0 (17), and blastp, PSI-BLAST, and RPS-BLAST programs (National Center for Biotechnology Information) (1). The accession number for the DNA sequence from the insert of pCMNP4C8RF is EF472579 (which is hereby specifically incorporated by reference).

Construction of pCMN-P4C8RF-436 and Integration into the St. lividans 1326 Chromosome. The 6.7 kb DraI fragment of pOJ436 (3), containing the oriT, aac(3)IV (apramycin resistance), φC31 attP, and φC31 int genetic information, was cloned into the HpaI site of the SuperCos1 backbone of pCMN-P4C8RF. The resulting cosmid (pCMN-P4C8RF-436) was capable of integration into the φC31 attB site of the St. lividans 1326 genome and selection for this integration using apramycin. This cosmid was transformed into St. lividans 1326 using the established protocols for protoplast formation and transformation (20). Integrants were selected by flooding transformation plates with apramycin (40 μg/ml). Integrants from each plate were streaked for isolation on R2YE (21) and ISP2 plates supplemented with apramycin (40 μg/ml). Two integrant-containing strains (EAF1001 and EAF1002) were characterized further. Two other strains (EAF1003 and EAF1004) containing the integrated pOJ436 cosmid alone were constructed as a control for analyzing heterologous production of CMN. To confirm integration of the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster into St. lividans 1326, all strains were screened by PCR amplification for the presences of cmnR, cmnI, and cph. These genes were used because cmnR and cph are at opposite ends of the gene cluster, and cmnI is at the center of the gene cluster. The presence of all three genes in St. lividans 1326 indicates that the entire CMN biosynthetic gene cluster is present in EAF1001 and EAF1002.

Analysis of EAF1001, EAF1002, EAF1003, and EAF1004 for CMN Production. Single colonies of EAF1001, EAF1002, EAF1003, and EAF1004 were used to inoculate 50 ml of YEME supplemented with apramycin (40 μg/ml). The cultures were grown at 30° C. at 200 rpm until cultures were saturated (8-14 days). The cells were subsequently harvested by centrifugation, washed with 10.3% (w/v) sucrose, resuspended in 5 ml of 10.3% (w/v) sucrose, and frozen at −20° C. until use.

To test for CMN production, 50 μl of the frozen stock of each strain was used to inoculate 100 ml of VIO production medium (31) in 1 L unbaffled flasks. The cultures were grown at 30° C. at 200 rpm for 7 days. Any potential CMN produced was purified using a previously described protocol for purification of the structurally related antibiotic VIO (31, 34). After purification, UV-visible spectrophotometry analysis was performed (Beckman Coulter DU640) and spectra were compared to an authentic CMN standard. To identify whether one or more of the CMN derivatives were produced, the samples were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Briefly, purified samples were run on a C18 small pore column (Vydack) on a Beckman System Gold HPLC with a 1 ml/min flow rate. Buffer A was H₂O+0.1% trifluoroacetic acid and buffer B was acetonitrile+0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. The separation profile was 5 min isocratic development at 100% A/O % B, 15 min linear gradient of 100% A/O % B to 50% A/50% B, 1 min linear gradient of 50% A/50% B to 0% A/100% B, 5 min isocratic development at 0% A/100% B. Elution of metabolites was monitored at 268 nm, the λ_(max) characteristic of tuberactinomycins (4). For ESI-MS, samples eluting from the HPLC were collected, the solvent evaporated under vacuum, and the samples submitted to the University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center mass spectrometry facility. Authentic CMN was obtained from MB Biomedicals Inc.

Analysis of cmnU in E. coli. The gene cmnU was PCR amplified from pCMN-P4C8RF using the following primers: CmnU-NdeI (5′-AAGGGCCCCCATATGCCTTCGGAAGGTCTG-3′) (SEQ ID NO:37) and CmnU-HindIII (5′-GGTGTGTGTTCGAACTCACACTAACGCGCC-3′) (SEQ ID NO:38). The amplicon was cloned into pCR-BluntII-TOPO according to manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen), resulting in pCR-BluntII-TOPO-cmnU. The NdeI/HindIII fragment of pCR-Blunt-TOPO-cmnU containing cmnU was subcloned into the corresponding restriction sites of pET22b (Novagen), resulting in pET22b-cmnU. The XbaI/HindIII fragment of pET22b-cmnU containing the optimized ribosome-binding site and cmnU was subcloned into the corresponding sites of pBAD33 (14) resulting in pBAD33-cmnU. This construct results in the expression of cmnU under the control of the arabinose promoter of pBAD33. pBAD33 and pBAD33-cmnU were transformed into DH5α strains containing either pLJ102 (empty vector) or pSJ101 (tlyA inserted into pLJ102 and expression controlled by IPTG induction) (18). Each of these strains was grown in LB medium containing chloramphenicol (15 μg/ml) and ampicillin (100 μg/ml) for plasmid maintenance, isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (40 μg/ml) and arabinose (2% w/v) for induced expression of tlyA and cmnU, respectively, and varying concentrations of CMN (12.5-100 μg/ml) or kanamycin (6-96 μg/ml). Similar colony forming units of each strain were added to the media and the OD₆₀₀ was determined after 16 hrs of incubation at 37° C. The value reported as the minimum inhibitory concentration is the antibiotic concentration in which the OD₆₀₀ was <0.1 after 16 hrs.

Analysis of cmnU in St. lividans 1326. The XbaI/HindIII fragment of pET22b-cmnU was cloned into the corresponding sites of pSE34 (29) to generate pSE34-cmnU. This vector construct results in the constitutive expression of cmnU when pSE34-cmnU is introduced into St. lividans 1326. pSE34-cmnU and pSE34 were introduced into St. lividans 1326 by transformation, and successful transformants were selected by using an overlay of thiostrepton (8 μg/ml). Transformants were streaked for isolation on ISP2 medium containing thiostrepton. To test for CMN or kanamycin resistance, 10⁵ spores of St. lividans 1326 containing either pSE34-cmnU or pSE34 were plated onto ISP2 plates supplemented with CMN (25-1600 μg/ml) or kanamycin (3-1600 μg/ml). The plates were incubated at 30° C. for 2 days, and the minimum inhibitory concentration was defined as the lowest antibiotic concentration at which no growth was observed.

Isolation and Sequence Analysis of the CMN Biosynthetic Gene Cluster from S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus. To isolate the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster from S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus, a cosmid library of its chromosomal DNA was constructed. Cosmids containing at least a portion of the CMN biosynthetic pathway were identified by PCR-based screening of cosmid pools and individual cosmids for the presence of cph, one of the previously identified CMN resistance genes (28, 33). The focus on cph rather than cac, the other known CMN resistance gene, was due to our prior finding that a homolog of cph in the VIO-producing bacterium Streptomyces sp. strain ATCC11861 is associated with the VIO biosynthetic gene cluster (34). Thus, it was hypothesized that cph would be associated with the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster. Using cph-specific primers for PCR-based screening and subsequent sequencing, cosmid PCMN-P4C8RF was identified as containing cph. This cosmid was sequenced in its entirety, and thirty-three ORFs were identified on the DNA inserted into pCMN-P4C8RF (FIG. 2).

A comparison of these thirty-three ORFs with those involved in VIO biosynthesis identified eighteen ORFs coding proteins showing significant sequence identity with proteins coded by genes associated with the VIO biosynthetic gene cluster (FIG. 2, Table 2). Additionally, seventeen of these ORFs (cmnA-cmnP and cph) were arrayed in an identical order as their respective homologs in the VIO biosynthetic gene cluster. The one ORF not in a similar location as its homolog in the VIO biosynthetic gene cluster was cmnR, coding a putative transcriptional regulator. This gene was upstream of cmnA but separated from cmnA by an additional ORF (cmnU) that did not have a homolog in the VIO biosynthetic gene cluster. However, based on the sequence similarity of CmnU with rRNA modifying enzymes, cmnU was hypothesized to be a newly identified CMN resistance gene. Based on these similarities with the VIO biosynthetic gene cluster and a gene coding a putative rRNA modifying enzyme, nineteen ORFs are identified as involved in CMN production. The remaining ORFs contained on pCMNP4C8RF that surround the nineteen CMN-associated genes did not display any sequence similarity to genes that would play any clear role in CMN biosynthesis (Table 7). Of particular interest was the absence of cac, the second previously identified CMN-resistance gene.

Heterologous Production of CMN in St. lividans 1326. S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus has proven to be intractable to genetic manipulation (27). This eliminated the possibility of using targeted gene disruption followed by metabolite analysis as a means to confirm that the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster had been identified. To address this issue, it was investigated whether the introduction of a modified form of pCMN-P4C8RF into St. lividans 1326 would result in the heterologous production of the CMN by this non-producing bacterium. The pCMN-P4C8RF cosmid was modified to contain the genetic information from pOJ436 that enables conjugal transfer between E. coli and St. lividans 1326, integration into the φC31 site of the St. lividans 1326 genome, and apramycin resistance. The resulting cosmid, pCMN-P4C8RF-436, was transformed into St. lividans 1326, and integrants were selected for using apramycin resistance. Two of the isolated integrants were characterized further. Of particular interest was the finding that the integrants were resistant not only to apramycin, but also to CMN. The isolation of CMN-resistant colonies was an important finding because while the integrating cosmid contained cph, conferring resistance to CMN IA and IIA (28, 33), it did not contain the other reported resistance gene cac to give resistance to CMN IB and IIB (28, 33). Importantly, when pOJ436 alone was introduced into St. lividans 1326, it did not convey CMN resistance. The fact that the integrants were resistant to a mixture of all four CMN derivatives suggested there was an additional mechanism of CMN resistance coded by the DNA inserted into St. lividans 1326. Analysis of this additional resistance gene will be discussed in more detail below.

Two successful integrants from the apramycin selection were analyzed for CMN production. Each of these strains (EAF1001 and EAF1002), along with two negative control strains that were integrated with just pOJ436 (EAF1003 and EAF1004), was first grown in YEME medium containing apramycin. These cells were washed to remove the antibiotic and were subsequently used to inoculate VIO production medium lacking antibiotic selection. After seven days of growth, the strains were analyzed for CMN production by purifying metabolites from the culture supernatant using an established protocol for VIO purification (31, 34) and analyzing the purified metabolites by HPLC and ESI-MS. FIG. 3 shows the HPLC traces of the metabolites purified from EAF1001 and EAF1003 in comparison to authentic CMN. Strains EAF1002 and EAF1004 showed similar results as EAF1001 and EAF1003, respectively (data not shown). These data clearly showed that strains carrying the integrated PCMN-R4C8RF-436 produced metabolites with the same retention times as authentic CMN IA/IB and CMN IIA/IIB, but the strains carrying the integrated pOJ436 did not. To confirm that all four CMN derivatives were generated by EAF1001, the metabolites eluting from the HPLC at 12.5 min and 13 min were collected from the HPLC, dried to completion under vacuum, and were then analyzed by ESI-MS. The results from this analysis determined the metabolites eluting at 12.5 min had masses consistent with both CMN IIA (theoretical mass [M+H]⁺=541.25; experimental mass average [M+H]⁺=541.59) and CMN IIB (theo. [M+H]⁺=525.26; exp. [M+H]⁺=525.32). Additionally, the metabolites eluting at 13 min had masses consistent with both CMN IA (theo. [M+H]⁺=669.35; exp. [M+H]⁺=669.27) and CMN IB (theo. [M+H]⁺=653.35; exp. [M+H]⁺=653.26). Further analysis of the purified metabolites by strong-cation exchange HPLC determined that CMN IA and IB were produced at a nearly 1:1 ratio; however the ratio of CMN IIA to CMN IIB could not be determined by this approach (data not shown). From these data, we concluded that all the necessary genetic information for the production of and resistance to CMN was contained on pCMN-P4C8RF-436. Furthermore, strain EAF1001 produced CMN at approximately 50 mg/l based on HPLC trace comparisons of known concentrations of authentic CMN versus purified CMN from EAF1001 (data not shown).

Analysis of the CMN Biosynthetic Gene Cluster. Based on bioinformatic analysis and comparisons with the previously identified VIO biosynthetic gene cluster, nineteen ORFs were indicated to be involved in CMN production (FIG. 2, Table 2). A comparison of the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster with the analogous VIO biosynthetic gene cluster gave insights into the putative functions of each ORF and the molecular reasons for the structural differences between CMN and VIO (FIG. 1).

First, three proteins (VioQ, VioS, and VioT) from the VIO biosynthetic gene cluster are not coded by the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster. It was not surprising that VioQ was missing. We previously indicated that this enzyme catalyzed the hydroxylation of the capreomycidine ring of residue five of the cyclic pentapeptide core, and this has been confirmed (10). Since none of the CMN derivatives are hydroxylated at this position, it was not surprising that the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster did not code for a VioQ homolog. The two remaining enzymes, VioS and VioT, were indicated to be a VIO exporter and a transcriptional regulator, respectively, involved in VIO production. The nineteen ORFs designated herein with cmn nomenclature as highlighted in FIG. 2 and Table 2 code for all the proteins needed for CMN biosynthesis, transcriptional regulation of the biosynthetic genes, export of CMN, and resistance to all four CMN derivatives.

(i) Precursor Biosynthesis. Based on prior analysis of the VIO biosynthetic gene cluster, formation of CMN required three nonproteinogenic amino acids to be synthesized. These amino acids are L-2,3-diaminopropionate (L-2,3-DAP), 2S,3R-capreomycidine (CAM), and β-lysine (β-Lys). We have previously described (34, 19) how each of these precursors is formed during VIO biosynthesis. Certain of these findings have been independently confirmed (44, 45). Homologues for each of the precursor biosynthetic enzymes from the VIO system are coded within the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster (Table 2), indicating that similar mechanisms occur during CMN biosynthesis. The mechanisms for the formation of these precursors are shown in FIG. 5.

(ii) Assembly of the Cyclic Pentapeptide Core of CMN. There are two differences in the cyclic pentapeptide cores of CMN and VIO. First, residue 2 of CMN can be either L-serine (CMN IA or IIA) or L-alanine (CMN IB or IIB), while in VIO it is only L-serine (FIG. 1). Second, residue 3 of CMN is L-2,3-DAP while the corresponding residue of VIO is L-serine. Based on these structural differences, it was anticipated that a comparison of the NRPSs for these two systems would uncover variations in the enzymology that controls the incorporation of the amino acids at these positions.

The cyclic pentapeptide core of CMN was predicted to be synthesized by an enzyme complex consisting of CmnF, CmnA, CmnI, and CmnG NRPS subunits along with CmnJ as an additional modifying enzyme that catalyzes the α,β-desaturation of residue 4 (FIG. 4). CmnF, CmnI, and CmnG all showed similar domain organizations as their homologs in the VIO NRPS, and the adenylation (A) domain specificity codes for CmnF and CmnG were nearly identical to those seen in the VIO components (FIG. 4, Table 3). Thus, it was reasonable to presume they function in a similar manner as previously described for VIO (34). The NRPS modules contained on CmnA and VioA control the incorporation of residues 2 and 3 into the cyclic pentapeptide core of their respective antibiotic. As expected, the key differences between the CMN and VIO NRPS systems came from a comparison of CmnA with VioA.

The first A domain of CmnA had a substrate specificity code that was identical to that seen in VioA (Table 3), and this code is for L-serine, the amino acid found in VIO and in CMN IA and IIA (FIG. 1). However, for CMN biosynthesis, the amino acid at residue 2 of the cyclic pentapeptide core is either L-serine or L-alanine (FIG. 1). The answer to how two different amino acids can be found at this position is believed to come from the finding of an extra enzymatic domain at the N-terminus of CmnA, referred to as domain “X” (FIG. 4). This domain showed a low level of amino acid sequence similarity with epimerase domains of NRPSs. With this in mind, one could envision a mechanism whereby L-serine is first activated and tethered to the first PCP domain of CmnA. A catalytic base within the X domain would subsequently abstract the α-carbon proton as if it were functioning as an epimerase; however, this instead results in the dehydration of L-serine to form dehydroalanine. The conversion of dehydroalanine to L-alanine would then require hydride transfer to the desaturated C3 carbon, likely from NADH, with the catalytic base returning the abstracted proton back to the molecule with retention of the initial stereochemistry. This process would not be fully efficient since the ratio of L-serine to L-alanine at residue 2 was observed to be approximately 1:1. This mechanism is analogous to that seen for L-serine to D-alanine conversion during lantibiotic biosynthesis (7). The alternative explanation that the first A domain of CmnA incorporates either L-serine or L-alanine regardless of the specificity code of the A domain cannot be eliminated.

The internal module of CmnA (consisting of the second C-A-PCP set of domains) controls the incorporation of residue three of the cyclic pentapeptide (FIG. 4). A comparison between this region of CmnA with that of VioA finds that while the domain architecture was the same, the specificity code of the A domain in CmnA was different than that from VioA (Table 3). Most significant was the residue at position four of the specificity code, which in CmnA is a seryl residue but is a histidinyl residue in VioA. Residues at this position of an A domain are believed to be at the base of the substrate binding pocket and to interact with the side chain of the bound amino acid (6, 30). One possibility is that a histidinyl residue at this position, as seen in VioA, would hinder the binding of L-2,3-DAP due to the unfavorable interactions between the F-amino group of L-2,3-DAP and the histidinyl residue. However, a change to a seryl residue would allow such a substrate to bind. This subtle difference between CmnA and VioA likely explains the different amino acids found at this position in CMN and VIO. The other steps involved in synthesizing the cyclic peptapeptide core of CMN are believed to proceed in an analogous manner as previously described for VIO (FIG. 4) (34).

(iii) Modification of the Cyclic Pentapeptide Core to Generate the Cmn. There are two possible modifications to the cyclic pentapeptide core once it has been synthesized. First, CmnL, a homolog of ornithine carbamoyltransferases, catalyzes the carbamoylation of the amino group of residue four, resulting in the formation of the β-ureidodehydroalanine moiety. If the molecule is not processed any further, CMN IIA and IIB are generated (FIG. 4). The second possible modification is the addition of β-Lys to the β-amino group of residue three to generate CMN IIA or CMN IIB (FIG. 4). The activation and tethering of β-Lys to this position is believed to be catalyzed by a monomodular NRPS. CmnO is a didomain protein consisting of an N-terminal A domain with a specificity code for β-Lys (Table 3) and a C-terminal PCP domain. This indicated that CmnO recognized β-Lys and catalyzed the covalent tethering of β-Lys to its PCP domain. The β-Lys would then be transferred to CMN IIA or IIB by the action of CmnM, a homolog of condensation domains of NRPSs. Thus, CmnO and CmnM work in unison as a monomodular NRPS to acylate CMN IIA or CMN IIB, producing CMN IA or CMN IB, analogous to how VioO and VioM are described to work during VIO biosynthesis (34).

(iv) Transcriptional Regulation and Export of CMN. CmnR is a homolog of VioR, and both proteins show sequence similarity with the LuxR family of transcriptional regulators (11). Finally, CmnE is a homolog of VioE, and both show sequence similarity to the major facilitator superfamily MFS_(—)1 (DUF894) involved in the efflux of various metabolites (26).

Analysis of CMN and Kanamycin Resistance. The St. lividans 1326 strains containing the pCMNP4C8RF-436 cosmid integrated into the St. lividans 1326 genome conferred resistance to all four CMN derivatives. Since pCMNP4C8RF-436 only codes for Cph, this suggested there was an additional resistance gene coded within pCMNP4C8RF. The most likely candidate for conferring this resistance activity was the gene cmnU. CmnU is a homolog of 16S rRNA methyltransferases that are known to confer resistance to kanamycin and apramycin by modifying residue A1408 (E. coli numbering) of the 16S rRNA (16). The relevance of this finding is that mutations in the analogous residue in M. tuberculosis and M. smegmatis 16S rRNA result in VIO and kanamycin resistance (32), and a mutation in the analogous residue of Thermus thermophilus results in CMN resistance (13). Furthermore, the enzyme TlyA from M. tuberculosis that methylates both 16S and 23S rRNA to make the ribosome more sensitive to CMN methylates residue C1409 of the 16S rRNA (18). From these results, it was reasonable to hypothesize that CmnU modifies the 16S rRNA of S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus, likely at the equivalent position to A1408, resulting in CMN-resistant ribosomes. To investigate whether cmnU confers antibiotic resistance to bacteria expressing this gene, cmnU was cloned into vectors that enabled expression of the gene in E. coli or St. lividans 1326. The strains carrying these expression constructs were analyzed for both CMN and kanamycin resistance. The latter was tested based on the amino acid similarity between CmnU and aminoglycoside methyltransferases.

E. coli does not methylate its ribosomes in a similar manner to M. tuberculosis or M. smegmatis because it lacks a TlyA homolog, and this results in E. coli being less sensitive to CMN (18). Therefore we evaluated whether expression of cmnU in E. coli resulted in increased CMN resistance in the presence and absence of tlyA from M. smegmatis. As seen previously (18), the expression of tlyA in E. coli resulted in increased sensitivity to CMN but had no effect on kanamycin resistance (Table 4). However, regardless of the methylation state of the E. coli ribosomes, the expression of cmnU in E. coli resulted in increased resistance to CMN (Table 4). Expression of cmnU in E. coli also resulted in kanamycin resistance; however, the coexpression of tlyA resulted in a decrease in the kanamycin resistance compared to a strain lacking tlyA (Table 4). It is not clear at this time why the expression of tlyA impairs the ability to cmnU to confer full kanamycin resistance.

When cmnU was expressed in St. lividans 1326, it resulted in increased resistance to both CMN and kanamycin (Table 4). The observed resistance to all four CMN derivatives indicated that cmnU was a newly identified CMN resistance gene from S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus. Furthermore, expression of cmnU also conferred resistance to the aminoglycoside kanamycin (Table 4). CmnU is a homolog of the proteins coded by kamB and kamC, two genes isolated for their ability to confer kanamycin resistance to St. lividans 1326 (16). It has been shown that expression of kamB or kamC in E. coli results in the modification of A1408 of the 16S rRNA. Based on the similarity between CmnU, KamB, and KamC, it is believed that CmnU will catalyze the modification of the 16S rRNA of the ribosome, resulting in CMN and kanamycin resistant ribosomes. Thus, ribosome modification in S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus is believed to be a mechanism for resistance to the CMN produced by this bacterium.

We have isolated and sequenced the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster from S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus. These data provided a molecular blueprint for how CMN is biosynthesized by this organism and gives some insights into the reasons for the structural differences between CMN and VIO. We also showed that transfer of this gene cluster into St. lividans 1326 resulted in the heterologous production of the CMN antituberculosis drug, providing an important first step toward the metabolic engineering of CMN biosynthesis. Finally, we have provided evidence that ribosome modification by CmnU confers CMN resistance to E. coli and St. lividans 1326, and this is likely to be true for S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus. The similarity between CmnU and aminoglycoside resistance genes gives further support that the ribosome binding sites of CMN and aminoglycosides are overlapping on the ribosome.

Construction of pCMN-P4C8RF-436-ΔcmnM and pCMN-P4C8RF-436-ΔcmnO and integration into the S. lividans 1326 chromosome. The spectinomycin resistance cassette (aadA) from plasmid pIJ778-nooriT was PCR amplified with either primers cmnMdelXba (5′-GTGCTTGACCTCTCCCCCGCGCAGCGCAGC CTGTGGGTGTCTAGAATTCCGGGGATCCGTCGACC-3′) (SEQ ID NO:39) and cmnMdelNhe (5′-CTATTCCGCGGTGATCTCGTCCAGCACGGCCAGGAAGTCGCTAGCTGTAGGCTGG AGCTGCTTC-3′) (SEQ ID NO:40) or cmnOdelXba (5′-GTGACCGCGC TGCACCGCCT CGACCAGCTCGCCGGCGCGTCTAGAATTCCGGGGATCCGTCGAC C-3′) (SEQ ID NO:41) and cmnOdelNhe (5′-CACCTCGGGGTCCGGCTGATCAGGCC CGCCAACGCGGTCGCTAGCTGTAGGCTGGAGCTGCTTC-3′) (SEQ ID NO:42). The resulting products contained the spectinomycin resistance cassette flanked by 39 bp of homology to the 5′ and 3′ regions of cmnM or cmnO, as well as XbaI and NheI restriction sites. The PCR products were then electroporated into electrocompetent E. coli BW2113 containing the temperature sensitive plasmid pIJ790 and pCMN-P4C8RF. Transformants were plated on LB with kanamycin (50 μg/mL), carbenicillin (100 μg/mL), and spectinomycin (50 μg/mL) at 37° C. to select for integration of the PCR product into the cosmid and loss of pIJ790.

To remove the resistance cassette, pCMN-P4C8RF-cmnM::aadA and pCMN-P4C8RF-cmnO::aadA were digested with XbaI and NheI, ligated together (thus destroying both restriction sites), and electroporated into XL-1 Blue MR. Transformants were screened for spectinomycin sensitivity. To confirm loss of the cassette, clones were screened by restriction digest with PstI. The resulting cosmids, pCMN-P4C8RF-ΔcmnM and pCMN-P4C8RF-ΔcmnO, contained a nonpolar, inframe deletion of all but the first and last 13 codons of cmnM or cmnO, respectively.

The 6.7-kb DraI fragment of pOJ436, containing the oriT, aac(3)IV (apramycin resistance), φC31 attP, and φC31 int genetic information, was cloned into the HpaI site of the SuperCos1 backbone of pCMN-P4C8RF-ΔcmnM and pCMN-P4C8RF-ΔcmnO. The resulting cosmids were not stable in XL-1 Blue MR and frequently underwent rearrangement. To confirm correct integration and desired orientation of the pOJ436 DraI fragment, clones were screened by restriction digest with EcoRI, HindIII, and PstI. Approximately 1 in 12 clones contained the desired construct. To maintain the cosmids in an XL-1 Blue MR background, strains were always streaked fresh from freezer stocks and screened for rearrangement before subsequent transformation into S. lividans.

The resulting cosmids (pCMN-P4C8RF-436-ΔcmnM and pCMN-P4C8RF-436-ΔcmnM) were capable of integration into the φC31 attB site of the S. lividans 1326 genome, and selection for this integration was performed using apramycin. S. lividans 1326 was transformed with these cosmids by using established protocols for protoplast formation and transformation. Transformants were selected by flooding transformation plates with apramycin (40 μg/ml). Transformants from each plate were streaked for isolation onto R2YE and ISP2 plates supplemented with apramycin (40 μg/ml).

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STATEMENTS REGARDING INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE AND VARIATIONS

All references throughout this application, for example patent documents including issued or granted patents or equivalents; patent application publications; and non-patent literature documents or other source material; are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, as though individually incorporated by reference, to the extent each reference is at least partially not inconsistent with the disclosure in this application (for example, a reference that is partially inconsistent is incorporated by reference except for the partially inconsistent portion of the reference).

The terms and expressions which have been employed herein are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments, exemplary embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims. The specific embodiments provided herein are examples of useful embodiments of the present invention and it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be carried out using a large number of variations of the devices, device components, methods steps set forth in the present description. As will be obvious to one of skill in the art, methods and devices useful for the present methods can include a large number of optional composition and processing elements and steps.

When a group of substituents is disclosed herein, it is understood that all individual members of that group and all subgroups, including any isomers, enantiomers, and diastereomers of the group members, are disclosed separately. When a Markush group or other grouping is used herein, all individual members of the group and all combinations and subcombinations possible of the group are intended to be individually included in the disclosure. When a compound is described herein such that a particular isomer, enantiomer or diastereomer of the compound is not specified, for example, in a formula or in a chemical name, that description is intended to include each isomers and enantiomer of the compound described individual or in any combination. Additionally, unless otherwise specified, all isotopic variants of compounds disclosed herein are intended to be encompassed by the disclosure. For example, it will be understood that any one or more hydrogens in a molecule disclosed can be replaced with deuterium or tritium. Isotopic variants of a molecule are generally useful as standards in assays for the molecule and in chemical and biological research related to the molecule or its use. Methods for making such isotopic variants are known in the art. Specific names of compounds are intended to be exemplary, as it is known that one of ordinary skill in the art can name the same compounds differently.

Many of the molecules disclosed herein contain one or more ionizable groups [groups from which a proton can be removed (e.g., —COOH) or added (e.g., amines) or which can be quaternized (e.g., amines)]. All possible ionic forms of such molecules and salts thereof are intended to be included individually in the disclosure herein. With regard to salts of the compounds herein, one of ordinary skill in the art can select from among a wide variety of available counterions those that are appropriate for preparation of salts of this invention for a given application. In specific applications, the selection of a given anion or cation for preparation of a salt may result in increased or decreased solubility of that salt.

Every formulation or combination of components described or exemplified herein can be used to practice the invention, unless otherwise stated.

Whenever a range is given in the specification, for example, a temperature range, a time range, or a composition or concentration range, all intermediate ranges and subranges, as well as all individual values included in the ranges given are intended to be included in the disclosure. It will be understood that any subranges or individual values in a range or subrange that are included in the description herein can be excluded from the claims herein.

All patents and publications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art to which the invention pertains. References cited herein are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety to indicate the state of the art as of their publication or filing date and it is intended that this information can be employed herein, if needed, to exclude specific embodiments that are in the prior art. For example, when composition of matter are claimed, it should be understood that compounds known and available in the art prior to Applicant's invention, including compounds for which an enabling disclosure is provided in the references cited herein, are not intended to be included in the composition of matter claims herein.

As used herein, “comprising” is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” and is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps. As used herein, “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim element. As used herein, “consisting essentially of” does not exclude materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claim. In each instance herein any of the terms “comprising”, “consisting essentially of” and “consisting of” may be replaced with either of the other two terms. The invention illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations which is not specifically disclosed herein.

One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that starting materials, biological materials, reagents, synthetic methods, purification methods, analytical methods, assay methods, and biological methods other than those specifically exemplified can be employed in the practice of the invention without resort to undue experimentation. All art-known functional equivalents, of any such materials and methods are intended to be included in this invention. The terms and expressions which have been employed are used as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no intention that in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any equivalents of the features shown and described or portions thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should be understood that although the present invention has been specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional features, modification and variation of the concepts herein disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that such modifications and variations are considered to be within the scope of this invention as defined by the appended claims.

TABLE 1 Bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study Strain or Plasmid Relevant characteristic Source or reference Escherchia coli DH5α F-/φ80ΔlacZM15(lacZYA-argF)U169 Laboratory strain recA1 endA1 hsdR17(r_(k−), m_(k+)) phoA supE44 λ⁻thi-1 gyrA96 relA1 XL1-Blue MR Δ(mcrA)183 Δ(mcrCB-hsdSMR-mrr)173 Stratagene endA1 supE44 thi-1 recA1 gyrA96 relA1 lac Saccharothrix mutabilis Wild type (ATCC 23892) ATCC subsp. capreolus Streptomyces lividans 1326 Wild type A. Gehring EAF1001 St. lividans with pCMN-P4C8RF-436 This study integrated into φC31 attB site, clone #1 EAF1002 St. lividans with pCMN-P4C8RF-436 This study integrated into φC31 attB site, clone #2 EAF1003 St. lividans with pOJ436 inserted into This study φC31 attB site, clone #1 EAF1004 St. lividans with pOJ436 inserted into This study φC31 attB site, clone #2 Plasmids SuperCos1 Kan^(R) Amp^(R) cloning cosmid Stratagene pOJ436 Apr^(R), oriT, φC31 int, φC31 attP cosmid (3) vector pCR-BluntII TOPO Kan^(R) cloning vector Invitrogen pCMN-P4C8RF S. mutabilis subsp. capreolus genomic This study DNA cloned into SuperCos1; contains CMN gene cluster pCMN-P4C8RF-436 pCMN-P4C8RF with Apr^(R), oriT, φC31 int, This study φC31 attP DraI fragment of pOJ436 inserted into HpaI site pTOPO-cmnU cmnU cloned into pCR-BluntII TOPO This study cloning vector pBAD33 Arabinose-inducible expression vector (14) pET22b Kan^(R) cloning vector Novagen pET22b-cmnU cmnU cloned into NdeI/HindIII site of This study pET22b pBAD33-cmnU XbaI/HindIII fragment of pET28b-cmnU This study cloned into XbaI/HindIII site of pBAD33 pLJ102 IPTG-inducible expression vector (18) pSJ101 pLJ102 derivative with tlyA insert (18) pSE34 Streptomyces sp. expression vector (29) pSE34-cmnU pSE34 with cmnU cloned into the This study XbaI/HindIII site

TABLE 2 Analysis of ORFs involved in CMN production. Homolog from Predicted ORF SEQ ID VIO biosynthesis % (AA length) NO: (AA length) Identity Predicted Function^(a) CmnR (238) 18 VioR (263) 49 Transcriptional regulator (LuxR family) CmnU (240) 19 — — CMN resistance-rRNA methyltransferase CmnA (2402) 2 VioA (2123) 53 NRPS (X-A-PCP-C-A-PCP-C) CmnB (370) 3 VioB (346) 65 L-2,3-DAP formation CmnC (339) 4 VioC (358) 62 CAM formation CmnD (374) 5 VioD (389) 65 CAM formation CmnE (416) 6 VioE (447) 63 CMN efflux CmnF (1057) 7 VioF (1073) 56 NRPS (A-PCP-C) CmnG (953) VioG (1088) 48 NRPS (C-A-PCP-C/) CmnH (249) 9 VioH (262) 52 Type II thioesterase CmnI (549) 10 VioI (550) 52 NRPS (C-PCP) CmnJ (384) 11 VioJ (390) 62 L-2,3-DAP α,β-desaturase CmnK (333) 12 VioK (360) 62 L-2,3-DAP formation CmnL (296) 13 VioL (308) 65 Carbamoyltransferase CmnM (402) 14 VioM (457) 45 NRPS (C)-β-Lys attachment CmnN (63) 15 VioN (63) 75 Unknown function CmnO (585) 16 VioO (610) 52 NRPS (A-PCP)-β-Lys attachment CmnP (449) 17 VioP (445) 77 β-Lys formation Cph (282) 20 Vph (293) 53 CMN Resistance-CMN phosphotransferase ^(a)Abbreviations: A, adenylation domain; PCP, peptidyl carrier protein domain; C, condensation domain; X, domain of unknown function; C/ modified condensation domain; NRPS, nonribosomal peptide synthetase; L-2,3-DAP, L-2,3-diaminopropionate; CAM, 2S,3R-capreomycidine; β-Lys, β-lysine.

TABLE 3 Comparison of A domain specificity codes from CMN and VIO NRPSs NRPS component^(a) Amino Acid (CMN or VIO) Specificity Code^(b) Activated^(c) CmnF D A Q S L A V V SEQ ID NO: 43 L-2,3-DAP VioF D A Q S L A I V SEQ ID NO: 44 L-2,3-DAP CmnA-A1^(c) D V Y H F S L V SEQ ID NO: 45 L-Ser (or L-Ala) VioA-A1 D V Y H F S L V SEQ ID NO: 46 L-Ser CmnA-A2 D V R S L S M V SEQ ID NO: 47 L-2,3-DAP VioA-A2 D V R H M S M V SEQ ID NO: 48 L-Ser CmnG D P Q D I G I V SEQ ID NO: 49 CAM VioG D P Q D V G I G SEQ ID NO: 50 CAM CmnO D T E D V G T M SEQ ID NO: 51 β-Lys VioO D T E D V G V G SEQ ID NO: 52 β-Lys ^(a)NRPSs components are groups according to homology (e.g. VioF is the homolog of CmnF) ^(b)Specificity code as described in references 6 and 30. Alignment program to identify the substrate-specificity code: world wide web page: tigr.org/jravel/nrps ^(c)This proposal is based on the results of the A domain substrate-specificity code and the chemical structures of CMN and VIO. ^(d)CmnA and VioA each contain more than one A domain. The code for the first A domain is noted as A1, the second as A2.

TABLE 4 Changes in CMN and kanamycin sensitivity upon expression of cmnU.^(a) CMN Kanamycin Strain (relevant genotype) (μg/ml) (μg/ml) E. coli DH5α/pBAD33/pLJ102 (cmnU⁻, tlyA⁻) 50 12 E. coli DH5α/pBAD33-cmnU/pLJ102 100 96 (cmnU⁺, tlyA⁻) E. coli DH5α/pBAD33/pSJ101 (cmnU⁻, tlyA⁺) 25 12 E. coli DH5α/pBAD33-cmnU/pSJ101 50 24 (cmnU⁺, tlyA⁺) St. lividans 1326/pSE34 (cmnU⁻) 200 6 St. lividans 1326/pSE34-cmnU (cmnU⁺) >1600 >1600 ^(a)Values reported are the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). For E. coli strains, this was defined as the lowest antibiotic concentration in which OD₆₅₀ < 0.1 after 16 hrs of incubation at 37° C. in LB medium. For St. lividans 1326 strains, this was defined as the lowest antibiotic concentration at which no growth was observed on ISP2 plates after 2 days of incubation at 30° C. MICs reported are from three separate experiments. See Materials and Methods for details.

TABLE 5 Exemplary Capreomycin Derivatives that can be produced by Metabolic Engineering A. By adding vioQ into heterologous host, e.g., S. lividans, containing the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster the following can be produced: C19hydroxy-CMN IA

C19hydroxy-CMN IB

C19hydroxy-CMN IIA

C19hydroxy-CMN IIB

B. By adding vioMOP into heterologous host, e.g., S. lividans, containing the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster the following can be produced: Pseudocapreomycin IA

Pseudocapreomycin IB (previously made by chemical modification)

Di-beta-lysyl-CMN IIA (previously made chemical modification)

Di-beta-lysyl-CMN IIB

C. By adding vioMOP and vioQ into heterologous host, e.g., S. lividans, containing the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster the following can be produced: C19-hydroxy-pseudo-CMN IA

C19-hydroxy-pseudo-CMN IB

C19-hydroxy-di-beta-lysyl-CMN IIA

C19-hydroxy-di-beta-lysyl-CMN IIB

D. By adding vioA into a heterologous host, e.g., S. lividans, containing the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster in which cmaA is inactivated the following can be produced:

TABLE 6 Chemical modification of C19-hydroxy-CMN derivatives (based on analogous methods from Bioorg. Medicin. Chem. Lett. 7:1145-1148) C19-3,4-dihydroxy(or dimethoxy)-CMN IA

R = H, CH₃ C19-3,4-dihydroxy(or dimethoxy)-CMN IB

R = H, CH₃ C19-3,4-dihydroxy(or dimethoxy)-CMN IIB

R = H, CH₃ C19-3,4-dihydroxy(or dimethoxy)-CMN IB

R = H, CH₃

TABLE 7 Analysis of ORFs neighboring the CMN biosynthetic gene cluster. Predicted ORF % (Amino Acids) BLAST Homolog Identity Orf1 (168 aa) AAM78425 Hypothetical protein EcaE (Streptomyces 39 SEQ ID NO: 21 coelicolor A3(2), 515 aa) Orf2 (191 aa) NP_001037080 Putative calcium-binding protein JhdK 28 SEQ ID NO: 22 (Bombyx mori, 183 aa) Orf3 (247 aa) EAY34418 Hypothetical β-galactosidase (Vibrio cholera V51, 31 SEQ ID NO: 23 1029 aa) Orf4 (428 aa) ZP_01426479 Carboxypeptidase A-like (Herpetosiphon 45 SEQ ID NO: 24 aurantiacus ATCC 23779, 1061) Orf5 (467 aa) SCO4476 Hypothetic protein (Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), 68 SEQ ID NO: 25 473 aa) Orf6 (201 aa) YP_824735 Hypothetical pyridoxine 5′-phosphate oxidase 50 SEQ ID NO: 26 GOG3576 (Solibacter usitatus Ellin6076, 208 aa) Orf7 (172 aa) NP_826435 Putative acetyltransferase (GNAT) family 68 SEQ ID NO: 27 (Streptomyces avermitilis MA-4680, 202 aa) Orf8 (399 aa) ZP_01431759 Conserved hypothetical COG3864 (Salinispora 80 SEQ ID NO: 28 tropica CNB-440, 416 aa) Orf9 (405 aa) ZP_01431758 ATPase associated with various cellular 84 SEQ ID NO: 29 activities, AAA_3 (Salinispora tropica CNB-440, 414 aa) Orf10 (223 aa) ZP_01431757 Conserved hypothetical (Salinispora tropica 65 SEQ ID NO: 30 CNB-440, 466 aa) Orf11 (253 aa) ZP_01431757 Conserved hypothetical (Salinispora tropica 65 SEQ ID NO: 31 CNB-440, 466 aa) Orf12 (249 aa) ZP_01431485 Methyltransferase Type 11 (Salinispora tropica 52 SEQ ID NO: 32 CNB-440, 429 aa) Orf13 (279 aa) YP_380276 Putative cold-shock protein (Chlorobium 38 SEQ ID NO: 33 chlorochromatii CaD3, 310 aa) Orf14 (246 aa) YP_116825 Putative glycosyltransferase (Nocardia farcinica 73 SEQ ID NO: 34 IFM 10152, 253 aa)

TABLE 8 CMC Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Sequence (corresponding to GENBANK ACC. NO. EF472579; specifically incorporated by reference for the sequences disclosed therein and start/stop position for individual genes in the cluster; sequence isolated from Saccharothrix mutabilis subsp. capreolus (previously Streptomyces capreolus) SEQ ID NO:1-nucleotide sequence that comprises cmn cluster     1 cttatcgatg ataagcggtc aaacatgaga attcgcggcc gcataatacg actcactata    61 gggatccgca gcgcgccggg ctcggtcggg tccgggtggt cgtccacggc cggcaggcta   121 ccggaccgga gcaccggtga tcatcggcct tgtgccgggg tgtcgcccca cgtctgcgcg   181 ggcgccacgt gcgagggacg gctctgaccg gcgaggagga cctccgccca caccgtcttg   241 tgctccgggt ggcggaccac gccccagtcg gtggacagcg cctgcacgat caccaggccg   301 cgaccaccgg aggcgtccgc ggtgcggatg cggggctggc cggagccggc gtcgtccacc   361 tcgacgcgca ggcgctgccc ggcccggacc aggcggcacc ggcggggcgg ctcgccgtgc   421 cgcaacgcgt tgctgaccag ttcgtccacc acgagcacgg cgtcgtccac cgcgaccccg   481 gcgcggtccg agagcagatc acgcacaagg tcacgcacct cgcgcacggc gaccccgtcc   541 agcgcgagca ccacctcgtc gccagactcg tctcccgcgt cccacgactg cgaggacatg   601 accacatcac ccccatcggg catcccgccg caccagcggc tcacgcgacg acataccccg   661 cgcggcgacc cgcgaatccg ccgggatgcg gactgcggcc cctctcacgc cctcgacgtg   721 cgtgcggctg accgggtgag ggcgggttcc cgatccggtg atcttgcttg cccgcaccca   781 ccgccgaccc gagactccgc cctatgacct ccacggagaa cgacctgctc ctcgacaaga   841 tcgggcgggg attcgaccac ctcgacgccg acggtgacgg gctgctcgac gagcgggacc   901 acgtcctcat gggcgagcgc gtcgcggcgg cgctcgggca cgggtccggg tcggcggaag   961 aggagcggat cgtggacatg tacgtccgcg tctggcacga cgtgcacctc ccccacctgc  1021 cggccgggac caccgccatc ggccgggacg agttcatcgc cgccacccgc gacctcgccg  1081 acgacccggc cgccgcggac gccacgctcg gcgccctcgc ccgggagttc ctccggatcg  1141 ccgacatcga cgccgacggc cgggtcacgc ccgccgagtt cctgaccttc cagcgcggcc  1201 acttccccga cctgagcgac gaggacgccg ccgccgcgtt cgagcacctc gacaccgacg  1261 gcgacggctc gctgtccccg gaggagttca tccgggccac cgtcgagtac tggaccagca  1321 ccgaccccga ctcgcccgcc aactggtgga tcggtcggcc gcggccgacc gcctgaggcg  1381 gatcagcagc cgggtttcgg gcagggcaac cgggacgccg cgccggtgag cagccgcagg  1441 gcgccctcgc ggctctcgtc ggcgggcatg ccctgcggtc tggcgttgcc gttcgccccg  1501 ccgtactcga ccgtcaggaa cacgttgtgg tccacggccc tgacccggct gtagctctgc  1561 accccgttgt acttgtgcat gacgtcgccg tcgtccaggc cggcgcccgt gatggccggg  1621 tccttcgcct gcgggtccga cgcgaggtgg tggcgggcgt tcccggtggc cgaccggccg  1681 tcgccggcgc ggtagcgcat gaccgtgacc gtgacgtagc ggtacagggg agtgccgggc  1741 gtgtcgggcg cccagtcgtc gtgcggcaac accggcacgt tgccggaatc gccgaactcg  1801 tggcggcact cgaccatgtc gacccggtcg tcagaaaacc ggaccggctc ccggctcggc  1861 ggtgcggcgg ggaggccgcg cgacagcgcg gtgaccgtcc ccgggtccac gaggtcgcac  1921 gcctcgatga gcgaaacgta ctcgggctct tccgccgcgc aggccgatgc caccgtcgcc  1981 aacaacaggg cgacgacccc cagtctcacc atgccgcgaa ccctagcgcg atcacgctcc  2041 agatgcggct gaccaccgat agtaggtgtt gatcgtgacc gggtcggccc catactcgcg  2101 agcggagcgg cggtcacccc caccctgcac cgaccgccgg ctcgtctgga ggtcttccat  2161 gaaactacgg gcgggacttc tcaccgcggc cctgttgctg ctgggaacca acgcgatggc  2221 cgccgcaccg gactcgacgc cgttctactg gcaggtcccg ggagccgatg agcgcacgct  2281 ccaggacgcc gggttcgacg tcgaacacgg cgtggacggc ggcgtgcagg tggtcgggga  2341 cgcgcgggtg gccggccggc tgaccgcgct gggctaccag ccgaagaagt tcgacaccgt  2401 ctacaagccg gtgccgcccg gccgcagcgg cgacatcggc gtccagacgt tctacggcgg  2461 ctaccacacg gtcgccgagc acgagaagca cctgaccgac gtggccgccg cgtaccccgc  2521 gctgacgcag gtgttcgaca tcggcgacag ttggcgcaag acccgcggcc tgggcgggca  2581 cgacatcaag gccatctgca tcaccaagaa gcaggccggc gactgcgcgt tgagccccac  2641 ctcccccaag ccccggttcg ccatgatcgc gcagttgcac gcgcgggaac tggccaccgg  2701 tgaactcgcg tggcgctgga tcgaccatgt cacccgcggc tacggcaccg acgccgaggt  2761 gacgtccatc ctggacacca ccgagctgtg ggtggtcccg atcgtcaacc ccgacggcgt  2821 ggacatcgtc gcctccggcg gcagccggcc gctgatgcag cgcaagaacg ccaacaacac  2881 cggcgcgtcc tgctcggtgc cgagctacgg cgtggacctc aaccgcaact ccacgttcaa  2941 gtggggcggc gcgggcacga accggtgcgg cgagacctac cagggcacgg cggccgggtc  3001 ggagccggag accagggcgc tggaggcgtg gttcaagcag ctgttccccg accagcgcgg  3061 ccccggtgac accgaccccg cgccggtgac caccaagggc gtgatgatca cgatccacag  3121 ctacggcaac ctgatcatgc cgccgtgggg ctggacgtgg aacgcgaacc cgaacgccgc  3181 gcaactggcc gcgctgggca agaagatggc ggcgttcaac gggtacacgg tggtggccga  3241 gggcgacacg acgggcacga ccgacgactt cacctacggc accctgggca tcgccagcta  3301 cacgttcgag atcgggtcca gcagcggcag ctgcggcggg ttcttcccgc agtactcgtg  3361 cgtggacagc ctgttctggc cgcggaacaa gggcgctttc ctgacggcgg cgaaggccgc  3421 caaggcccct tacgcgagct gacgccggcg gccggtggac gctaccccgc cgcgggtgcg  3481 tccgccggcc gcgcgacgga caggatgacc tcgcgcagcc ggtccacgta gaggcggatg  3541 ttcttgtacg ccacgtcgtt gtccgggtac cggcacgcga actggagccc ttcgtgcagc  3601 cgggtcaccc acacgcacac ctggtcgccg taggacacgc ggatcagccc gtacgccttc  3661 atgtcccgcc agcgctccga acccggcgtg gggcgggcgt ccatgaacga gacgatcgag  3721 tacaggtcgg gcgaggtggg gcggaagtcg tcgcccagca ggcgcagcac gcgcgcgacc  3781 ggcacccgcg acgccgggcg gctcgcgcgc agttcggcct gggccgcgcg cagcaggccg  3841 tcgaaaccgc ccgccgtggc cacgggcagt tccaccggca cgccgccgac gtaccagccg  3901 accgagtccg accaccgcga cttggcccgc gtgtggaacg gcacgaccgt gcggtagacg  3961 tcgtcgccgg tcatctcgcg catgatcagc gcggtggcgg cgaggacgcc gaccagggaa  4021 ccgccgtagg gccggcagtg ccgctcgaac gccgccgcgt cggcgtcgtc caccagcatc  4081 tcgtgcaacg acttctgcgt gggcagcggg ccgcccggcg ccaggcccag gtcgaacggg  4141 aagttcggca tccggccgtc gcagcgcgcc acgaaccgcc gccaccggtc caccaccggg  4201 tggtcggcgt ccacctcgtc ggcgtcggcg cgctcggtgg cgcagaagtc gacgtagctg  4261 gcgatcggcg cggcgtccac ggtgcggccg tcgagcgcgg cggcgtacag ctcgtgcagc  4321 tcggcgggga cgcggtacat ggagtaggcg tcgacgttgc tgtggtcgaa cgcgaggtag  4381 acgctcgtgc tgtcctcgcg ggccacggcc gcgtagatga agttgggcca ggtgagggtg  4441 tcggcggcga cgtcgaaccg gtcctggagg tgctgcacga gcacgtcggc gtcggtgaac  4501 tcgccgacgt cctctcggtg cagcgcgacg gcgtcggcgt cgagggtgaa ccggcgcatc  4561 tcgccgtcct cccaccggaa accgctgcgc agcgtctcgt gccgcaacgt ccacacccgc  4621 aacgcctcct ccagggcgtc gaggtccacc gcgcccggca ggtcgaacgc gacgcccagc  4681 cacgtcggga cgaacaggcc gtcctcgcgc aggctccggg ccgtgcgcac gtgcgactcc  4741 tgcaggtacg ccggcggtcg cgcgtcgtcc ggcgcgccgg tcgcggcggc cacggggcgc  4801 agcacccact ccacgacgcg ccctggccgg acctcacaac gctggacatc ggtgatgcgc  4861 atgaccttct ccgtctgcct gccggtgcgg cacaaggcgg cgcgcaggcg tacctgaaac  4921 cttcgggggg agggtggctc gtctcacgac cacacggcgg aatgtcgccg tacccgagcg  4981 aggaccttaa cgacggcccg atcaagaaac caccgccgaa gacccgagcc acgctatcga  5041 gtgaactcgt gatgtgactg ccgtcacaga tcaccggcaa ccggaatgac catgaccgat  5101 ctaacggttg gaccctaggt caaacgttag aacgcgcccg gaggccgaga tgaccagccg  5161 cttcgcccaa gtcatgttca ccccggacgt ccagctccac caggagcggc acggcagccg  5221 cgacgcctac gcccggatgg ccgacgccgc gccggtccgg gaccgcatcg gccccgacga  5281 ggcggcgttc atcgccgagc gcgacagctt ctacctggcc accgtcgggg agaccgggtg  5341 gccctacatc cagcaccgcg gcggcccgcc cgggttcctg cgcgtgctgg acgagcacac  5401 gctcggcttc gccgacttcc gcggcaaccg gcagtacatc acccgcggca acctcgacca  5461 cgacgaccgc gtggcgctgt tcctgatgga ctacgccaac cgcacgcgcc tcaagctcat  5521 cggccacgcc cgcgccgacg actcgcccga ggtcgtcgaa cggctcgcgc tgccggacta  5581 ccgggcgaag gtcgaacgcg cggtgctcat cgaggtcgag gctacgatct ggaactgccg  5641 ccagcacatc ccgcaactgt tcccgcgcga cgccgtggag caggccgtcg gcgcgctgcg  5701 cgaccggatc accgagctgg aacaggaaaa cgcccgcctg cgcgcgaggt gacgcgggcc  5761 ggccgggggc gtcgccgggg ccggccggat cggccggggt cgccgggtca ggcgggggcg  5821 tcaccgggtc aggcgggacg tcaccgggac agccggggcg tcatcgggac agccgccacc  5881 ggacctcgcc gtcgtgcacc tcgtcggtgg gcgcgagtcc ggcggcggtc gcgacggcgg  5941 ccgacgcgtg gtggtcgggg tggacgtggg cgacgaccgt gcgcacgccc tgccgcccga  6001 gccagtccac gagcccccgg gcggcttcac gggcgatccc ccgcccctgg aacggcgtcc  6061 ccaccaccca ggcgacctcc gcgaccgggc cctggtccgt ggggccgacc gtcgcctgga  6121 ccgtgcccgc caggcgggac tcctcgcgca gccggacgac ccagttcagc caggagaccg  6181 cgggatcggg cgagccggcg agcatgcgtt cgtagcgtga ccgcagggct cgcgggtcgt  6241 ccggggtgcc gccggtgaac gtgtgcaacg cgggatcggc caacacgacg gccatctcct  6301 ccgcgtggtc cacccgcaac ggcaccaggt cgaggcgggc ggtgccgatg gctggggcgt  6361 ggaggcggcc ggacatgtgg gccaacagta gtgctcaccc cacggtcacc acccgggccc  6421 acgccggcgg tgggtccggt cggtagtcgc ccggtttcgg tgggcggcgg aacaggccca  6481 cgaccgttcg gcacggcggt cgcacggtgg gccacggggt ctggccgtcg gtcagggcga  6541 cgatgacgtc cgggcgggtg cgcagggccc gggtgaagcc ggtgcgcagg tcggtcccgc  6601 cgccgcccat cagggggatg ccctcggctc ggcacagcgg gtgcgtcacg tgggcggcgg  6661 cgtcgcagga caggaccgac accaggtcgc gccggccgcc cacggcgcgg gcgatggcgg  6721 cgatctccag cagcgcgctg cccagttccg cgtcgctcac cgacccggag gtgtccacga  6781 ccacgcacac gcgcggcggc ctgcggcgca ggctgggcag cacgacaccg ggcagggcgg  6841 tggaccggcg cgccgggcgg ccgtaggtgt agtcgtcgcc cgcgcccgcg gccgacgcgg  6901 ccgagcggac cgccgcgccc agcaggtcgc gccacggctg gggcgggtgg aacgcccgct  6961 ccgcccaccg ccgccagccc agcggcacgt cgcccggccg gccggtgatg gcctcggcga  7021 cccggaaccg caccgcgtcc cgctcctgct cgctgagccc gtgcgcgccg tccggcccca  7081 ggtcccactc gcgctccagg ccgtccgcgc cgctgccgca gtccagccac gtgaacgcgt  7141 cggtgtacgg gccgagccgg aactggcgca ggtagtcctc catcaactgc ccctcgcgca  7201 actgcagcag ttccggctcc accgcgccct cgggccgtgc caacccgtcg ccgaacacgt  7261 cgtcgttgat ctcgcagtca gcggcgatgt tcatccgcaa ccgctccccc ggcccggtca  7321 gcccgtgctc cgcggcgaac cggtcgccgc gcccgtggtg gtcgcgcagc aggtgcgaca  7381 cctcgtgcac ccacaccccg gccaactcct cctccggcgt gcggtccacg aaggccgggg  7441 agacgtaaca acgccagtgc cggtccacgg ccatcgtcgg cacccgccgc gactccacca  7501 cgtgcagcgc gaacaacgcc gtcgccaggt acggccggca gcgcaccgcg tgcagccggg  7561 cggcgaacag cttgcgctcg tccaggctca ccggcccgcc ccgacgcgcg ccgccgtccg  7621 gtcggccagc cgcgacaccg acaccgcgcc ggagagccgc tcgatcgccg ccggcacctc  7681 ccagtcgtcg cggcgcaacg cggcgagcgt cgccgccggc acgacgacca ggtccggcgc  7741 gccggtgtcc aacgcccgca ccaacaacgc ccacgccgcg tcccaccgcg ccgcctccgg  7801 acgtcgccgc accgcctcca ccacaccgtc gagcaccgct tggcgcaggt cgccgcgctc  7861 gggcagcacg gccgccgccg ggttcgcgag cagcgactcg gggtcgggca ggtccatccg  7921 gtccaggctc gccagcagct ccaggcccgg cccgtcgccc acggtccccc gcacgagcat  7981 cgacagcacg tcccgggaca cgtccgccgc ggtggcgaag gcgatcagcc gcaacgccat  8041 ctcccagctg cgcggcgacg gccacggacc accgcgccgg gtctcgtcct tgggcagttg  8101 gtgcaccagg ttggggcggg cggccagcag ttcgcacacc gcccgacgcg cgtaggccac  8161 ggcgtccggc aagcggcccg ggtccaggcg cggcagctcg gcccgcggcc acgtcccgcc  8221 cagcccgcgg accaccacgt cgtggtcgtg ggcccactgg aggtggacga accggttggc  8281 cagcggcggg ctgagctccc agccgtcggc ggcggacgag cgcgggttgg cggcggccac  8341 gatccgcacg cccggcggga gggtcagcgc gccgatccgg cgttcgagga cgacccgcag  8401 gagcgcggcc tggaccgccg gcggcgcggt ggacagctcg tccaggaaca gcagtccgcg  8461 gccggcgcgg accaggcgca ccgcccagtc cggcggggcc atcggaacgc cctgcaccgc  8521 cgggtcgtcg ccgacgacgg gcaggccggc gaagtcggac ggttcgtgca cgctcgcgat  8581 gaccgtggtc agcggcaggt cgagggcgtc ggcgagctgg gtgagggcgg cggtcttgcc  8641 gatccccggc tcgccccaca gcagcaccgg caggtcggcg gacacggcca gggtcagggc  8701 ttcgagctgg gcgtcggaac gggtttcggt ggtcgtgcgg ccgagcaggg cgagcaggtc  8761 ggcggcgacg tcgagcggtc gcgcggacag ggaagtgggc atattcgggc accctcgggt  8821 tgcgtaggga cgtgcgtcgg ccgagcgagc acgcgggggg attcagcgag agaacgcgtg  8881 gcgcgggcgg acccgtcgcc gaccgtcctt tgtggaggga gccgggccgc cggcgagtcc  8941 ggcccggtac aggccgtgcg ccagccggcg gcggaccgcc gcgtccagct cgtcgcgcag  9001 cgcgccggcg cgcaggagcg cctccgggcc gagcagggct tcgacggccg cgacggcgcc  9061 ggcggtgtcg ccgtggtcga gccgggcgcg aacgtccaca agggactccg gttgtcggtg  9121 cacgtcgtcg atcgcccgca ggcacggcaa cggcggaccg ccccactcgg ccagcagctc  9181 ctcgcggcgg acctcgtcgg ggtcgtggtc cagcggcacc aggaccccgt ccacgacgcc  9241 gatccggtgc gtcgcgccgc ggcactcgac caggcgcgga cccgttgcgg ggtcgggact  9301 tccggttgtt cgccggtggc cggggaccag ggccgacgcg accagcgggt gcagccggtc  9361 ggcgtcgacc aggccggcgc ggagcaggtc gaggtcgggt ggtgtgcggg tggcggcgtc  9421 gggcaggacg ggccgggtgg ggtctcgtcg gggagcggcc gtgagcacgg gtgtcggctc  9481 gtccggggcc agcgccaacc accgaccggc gttgagccgc acggtgatca cgcggtcggc  9541 gcaccggtcc gcgcgcagga ggagcaaggc ctccggcacc caacgaccga cagcgaaacc  9601 ctccccctcg acggcccacg gcgcggcggg tccctcggct ggcggcggcc cgacggccca  9661 cgaacgcggc gggcccctcg gctgccggcg acccgacggc ccgcgagccg gctgcgcgca  9721 gcgcggtggt caaacccggg cgggggatcg ccgcccgcgg accgttcccg cagctcgccg  9781 gcccggcgcg cgtcccacag gtggcggtgc aggtccaggc ggaaccgccg gtccggccgg  9841 gggtgcgggt gcgtgcccgc gccggcccgg ggttcggccg ggtcccacca cgccaggctg  9901 atccgctgcc cggctgccgc ccacgccggt ggcgtgcgcg ccacgaggtg cgggcccgcc  9961 gcgtaccggg ccagggacac ggtgagcccc gggcgcagca agccgtccgg accgatcctc 10021 gggaagtgcc agcgcagcag gtcgggggcc aggtgccgca ggtcggcgcg gacctgtgcc 10081 gcgagctgcc gaccgtgggt ccggcccacg gcccgcaggt ccaggtccac gtcgaagcgc 10141 gcggcggcac aggccccggc ccagtcgccc accgagcggc gggcggtcgc tgtctcgacc 10201 atcgacggcg gcacggcgaa ctcgcgcacg cgcgtccaga agtgaaggcg aaggttctca 10261 tccgcggtgg tgtggtgcat cagcactcac cttgcgcgaa tgaaaccccc gatctaccag 10321 agaaggtgat catcgcggcc gagcgtacca gcaaacggcg ctcaggtgtg cgagacgacg 10381 agccggaaac cggcgtccca ctggtcgagg tcgagcaggt cgcggtggtc gtcgtgccac 10441 cggccgctgt cgaggtccgc gcgcaggcgg cggacgccgc ggtccacggc ggcggggtcg 10501 gtctgggcca gggcggagca cgcgcggcgg acgcgcgggt cgaggtaggc gtccgggcgt 10561 cgccagtacg cggggaagac gccgtcgacg aagtcccacg gcagcggcag cggcgtgacg 10621 ctgtccgcgc ccagttcgcc cgcgatgtcg gccgccgacg ggcgggtgcg ttccaggtcg 10681 gcgatctcgg gcacgtactc gcggacgaac cagaactcgg tgtgcaggct cgtgtcgtag 10741 gccagcacga cccggcgcgg cgcgatccgg cgcagttcgg cgagcccggc ccgccagtcg 10801 gtccagtggt ggacggtgag cacggccagc gcggcgtcca cggcgtggtc gcgcagcggc 10861 agggcctcgg cgaccgcgcg cacggccggt ccgacctccg gcgggcgttg gcggatcatc 10921 tccgtggacg gttcgagggc gaccaccgtc cggtcgtccg gctcgtagga gccggtgccc 10981 gcgcccacgt tggcgatcgt ccgcgcgccg ccgagcgcgt cgaggatcgc ggtcatccac 11041 cgcgggtcgg tgcggcggcc cagcgcgtaa cccgtgccga tgtcgtcgta gagatccgtg 11101 ccggccactg tccccccagt gctcaagcgg aaagtttcga cgtgggcggc gacgggccgg 11161 tccgggaggg cccggatcgg ccgtcgtcac ccgcgggttc ggccccggcg gtcacgccga 11221 cgcgccccgg ggcttcacca cctcgggggc ctcgcgcgcg gtcaccaggc ccaggcgcca 11281 ggccagcaga gcggcctgga cgcggtctcg cagctccagc ttggccagca cccgggacac 11341 gtggctcttc accgtggtct cgctgacctc gaactcgcgg gcgatctcgc ggttggaccg 11401 cccctggccg atggcgcgca gcacctggcc ctcccgttcg gtcaacgaca gcagggccgg 11461 cgccgacggg tcgggcagcg ggatgatctg gaagctctcg aacacccgct tggtgacgtg 11521 cgcgggcagg tacgcgccgc cctcggccac cgcccggatc gcgcgcggga actcctcccc 11581 cggcgacccc agcggcaggt agccgctcac acccgccgcg atcgcggaca ccagcagctc 11641 gtccgagtcg tcctgggtgg ccaccacgac ccgctgcccc gccagcagcc gcgccacccg 11701 gaaatcgtcc acccgcaaca acgacgcccc gaccagcacc acgtccggct ggtcgcggcc 11761 gatccggtcc agcagttccg gcacgccgtg caccgcgccg accacggtga tcgcgtcgtc 11821 ccgcgcgagc acggcccgca ggccgtccag gatcacctcg tggtcgtcgg cgagcagcac 11881 ggcgatcccc cgccgcgccc gccccgcccc ggccggcgtc agcacgctta tcgccccggt 11941 ctcccgacgg taccggggcc cgactgaata ctcgtccgac acttctccgg tcacgttctt 12001 ccgaccccct cggccacggg ttttccccac ggcgtttcga aacagtcgcg gcgggcgcga 12061 aaacaccacc ggaaccgcga gccgcccggg accaccgacc cgcggcaccc cggccgtctg 12121 cttcaccatc cccaggcgcc gccggcaatc cggatcgacg ccaccccagt tgcaaacaat 12181 atgcattaac acccaaccta ccggaccacc ggacgggcgg caacgtccgc acggtgtgtg 12241 cacgcactca cactaacgcg ccaattaggc ggggagacat gccgctttag aagtaatccc 12301 ggcaacgccg ggcgtcgatc cgccacgcgc cgcgccctcc acgccgagca cgtcgaactc 12361 ctcccggcag gcccccagcc gacgggtcca cgtgctggtc aactcgctcg cgccgacatc 12421 ggccaggtac ccggcccggg taacgcgcag gcccgcctcg gcgtagacgt gggccagttc 12481 ccggcgcacc cattcgggtg tcggttcggc gatcccggtg acggcggggg ccgccggccg 12541 ccaggcgtgg aggttcacgg tgatgtggaa ccgggcgccg gcgcggcacg cgcccgccag 12601 gccggcgagc acggcggggt cgcgcccgag gacaccgcgc agcaggctgc cccacggcat 12661 caacacgtgc atttcgtcca catcgcccag acagggcggc atctcctcgg cggcggcgtg 12721 gaccagcacc aggttgggca gcccgccgcg cgcgggtttg gcggcggcgc gcgcggacac 12781 gccccgcatc cggtcggggt tggcgtccac gccgaccacc agccggtcgg ggtcggcgcg 12841 ggcgagccgg taggcgtgct tgccgtcgcc ggtgcccacg tcgagcagga ccgaccggtg 12901 acgggcgcgc aactcggcga actcggcgtc ggcgagcggc acgcaccgct tgccgacgac 12961 cttgaccaga ccttcggaag gcatgacggg gcccttcgcg tgagtgggtg aggacctgcg 13021 ggaaacggcc ggcgacggac cgcagaatta cggggaaaca ccctccggga catcgccgga 13081 ggacccttgt caatcgttgc cggaaatacc ggccgctgcc cacccctccg gagcagcgcg 13141 gagcccggtc ctgggaaaat gtggccgtaa atcacgccaa tgggggaagt gaaccccgtc 13201 aaaatcactc tgcgtgatta gttttctcct accagcggac gagacgtcac cctacttcgg 13261 aaggaacggt gctcgttcga aatatccgca ccgggcattc gccggaatga gccggcgggc 13321 cacccaaaga agtctgtcga aaacggcgga gtcgctcata ggctgagcgg cgtccccaat 13381 tcgcgacgac cggagggcca tttgcccggg ccgggtcgga tcgacatcag ccggagacgc 13441 caccatgacc gttgacccca cgatcgagct gcgcctgacg ctgaacggcg acccggacgt 13501 gcccgcgctg acccgggcgt gggcggcgct gcgcgcccgg caccgcgccc tggccggtcc 13561 gctgggtgcg caccgggacg tcgccgcgtt cgaggacgcg gtgcgcgcgg gccccggctg 13621 ccacctgctg cgcgcccccg gccggcacga gttcgcgctg accgccgggt gcgacgcggc 13681 gtcggtgccc gcggtcctgg ccgagctgtc cgcgctctac gcccgcgagc tgggccaccc 13741 ctccgagggg ctgcccgcgc cggccccggc cgtcccgcac gaccgcccgc cgcacgacgt 13801 tcccccgccc ggaccggagc tgccgggcct ggagctgttc gggcgcggcg aaccgggccc 13861 gcgcgtggtg acccgcgtgg acctcggcca cccgacccgc cggcacgtct ccgcgctggc 13921 ccgccggcac ggcgtgaccc gcgaggtcgt cgtggtcacc gcgtgggcgc tgctgctggg 13981 cgagctggcc gagcgggacg agttcgtgct gggcctggtc accgatcccc gcgacccggc 14041 cgcgcaccga cccgccgtgg gcgcgctgcg cgaggcccgc ccgctgcggg tggacctgac 14101 cggccggccg tcgttcgccg acgcggtgcg ccgcaccacc gccgccgtgg cgaccgcccg 14161 gtcccgcccc ggtgacgcgc ccgccgacgt ggcggtgcag tacggcgagc agccggcggc 14221 ggcgctgcgg ctggccggcc tcgaccccgc cgaggtcccc gccgccttct ggctggccga 14281 cgacctcccc ggcccgcacc gggtcgtgct gcgcctgctg gacacccccg acgggctgct 14341 cgccggcgtc gcgcaccacc ccgacgccct ggacgggccc ggcgcgcggc gctgggtgtc 14401 ccggctggcc gcgctgctgg ccggcgcgca cgacgagtcg cccgagcccg tggtgatgtc 14461 cgaggacgag caccgccggg tcgtgctcgc gcccaacgcg accgccgtgg acctcggcgc 14521 gcccgcgacg gtccacgacc tggtcgccga gcaggcccgc cgcaccccgg accggaccgc 14581 gctggtcttc gccggcgccg aggtcggcta cgccgagctg gacgcccgcg ccaaccgcct 14641 cgcccacgag ctgcgcgagc gcggcgtgcg gcgggagacg ccggtcgcgg tgtgcctgga 14701 acgcgagacg ggcctggtgg tcgcgctgct ggcggtgctc aaggcgggcg gcgcgttcgt 14761 gccgctggac ccgcagtacc cgcggcagcg cctggcccac atgctcgccg actcgggcgc 14821 ggccgtggtg ctcacccagg gtcggctgcg cgaccggttc gccgccgacg gcccgcccgt 14881 gctggtgacc gacgacgacg cgacccggtt cgcccaccac ccgagcagcg cgccgccggc 14941 gtcgtccggc ccggacgacc tcgcctacgt cgtctacacc tcgggatcga ccgggcggcc 15001 caagggcgtg atggtcgagc accggggcat cgcgtcctac ctgcgcggaa tgcagcacga 15061 cttcccgctc acgcccgagg accgcgtgct ccaggcgacc tcgctgtcct tcgacgtgtc 15121 ggtgtacgag atcttctggc cgttgcaggt gggcgcggcg gtggtgctgc ccgcgcccgg 15181 cgggcacacc gacccgtacc acctgtcgga gctgatccag cggcacggcg tgacgtgcct 15241 gcacttcgtg ccgtcgctga tgcggttgtt cgtggaggag gccgacccgg gggcgggcgc 15301 cgggctgcgg cgggtgttcg tgtccggtga ggcgctggac ccgtcgctgg tggcgctggt 15361 gcacgagcgg acctcggcgg agctggtgaa cctgtacggg gcgacggagg tgtcggtcga 15421 ctcgacctac tggaccgccg accgcgccaa gcccgaccgc ccggtgctgg tggggcggcc 15481 gatggccaac gccacggcgt acgtgctgga ccagcggttg cgacccaagc ccgcgggcgt 15541 ggtcggcgag gtcttcctgg gcggcgcgag cgtcacccgc ggctaccacg cgcggccggc 15601 gctgacggcg gagcggttcg tgcccgaccc gttcgggcca cccgggtcgc ggctgtaccg 15661 gaccggcgac ctgggccggg tgaccccgga cggcgagctg gagttcctgg ggcggcgcga 15721 ccaccagttc aagctgcgcg ggtggcgggt ggaggccggc gagatcgagg cggcgatcac 15781 cgcgcacccc ggcgtgaacg gcgcggtcgt ggtgaccgag ggggcgcacg agcacgcgac 15841 cctgctggcc tacgtgggcg cggacgcggg gctggaccag gcggcgctgc gggagttcct 15901 ggcgcggcgc ctgccccgac cgctggtgcc ggcgcggttc atccgcctgg accgcctgcc 15961 gatctccccc aacggcaagg tggaccgcgc cgccctgccc aagcccgacc aggcgcccgc 16021 cgagcccgcg ccgaccaccg cggcaccgcc gacgcacgcc gcggacggtc ggcccgcgtt 16081 ggagcacgcc gcggacggtc ggccggcgct ggagcgcggc tcggacggtc ggccggtgtt 16141 ggaggtggtg ctggcggtcg cggccgaggt gctgggcgcg ccgatcgggc cggaggacag 16201 cttcttcggc tccggcggca actccatcca ggccacccgg ctggccgccc gcctgcgcgc 16261 cgccctgcgc accgacgtcc cggtgcggct ggcgttcgag gcgcccacgc cggccgcgat 16321 ggcggcgctg ctgtccccgc cgtcccccga gcccgtcgcc gaggtctccc gggccgagca 16381 acggatctgg ctgctcagcc ggctcggcgg ccaccccgcc gagtacgcga tccccgtggc 16441 gctgcgcctg gccggcccgc tggacgtcgc caagctcaag aacgccgtgg acgcggtcgt 16501 gcgccgccac gaaggcctgc ggcacgtctt ccccgaggtc gacggctccc cgacgcgggc 16561 cgtgctcgac ccgggctcga tcaccgtggc cgaggaggcg aaccggtcgg tgcgcgaggt 16621 gctcgccgag ggtgtcgccg cgctggaccc cgcgaccggc ccactggccc gcttcacgct 16681 ggtcaaccag ggcccgcagg accacgtgct ggccatcgtg ctgcaccacc tcatcgccga 16741 cggctggtcg gtggacgtgc tgctgcgcga catcgccgcc cactacaccg gcgcgccgac 16801 cgccaccccc ggccgctacg ccgactacct cgccctggaa cgggccgagg agcaggacgg 16861 cgccctgggc cgcgccctgg agcacttcgt caccgcgctg gacggcgtgc ccgacgaggt 16921 cagcttcccg cccgaccacc cccgccccgc gcaacgcacc gggcgcggcg acgtcgtgcg 16981 ccaccggatc gacgccgcgc cggtcaccgc gctggccgaa cgcctgcgca ccacgccgtt 17041 cgcggtgctg ctggcggcgg tgggcgtgct gctgcaccgc gtcggcggcc accgggacgt 17101 ggtggtcggc acggccgtcg cccgccggcc cgacgccggg ctggaccacc tggtcggcct 17161 gtgcctgaac acgctcgccc tgcgctggcc cgtgcagccg cacgacacgc tgggcgaggt 17221 ggtccgcgcc gtgaccgacc ggctcgccga cggcctccag cacgacgccg cgtcgttcga 17281 ccgggtggtg gacaagctcg cccccgcccg cgacagcggt cgcaccccgg tgttccaggt 17341 gatggccctg tacgaggagc cgtacgagac cgcgctggcg ctgccggacg tgacgaccac 17401 cgacgtgacc gtccactgtg gatccgcgca ggcggacgcg gcgttcgggt tcgtgccgcg 17461 cgagggcggg atcgacctca ccctccagtt ctccaccgac gtgttcaccc gcgccacggc 17521 gagccggtgg gcgcgccgcc tggcgaccct gctggccggc gcgcgggcgg acaccagggt 17581 cgcggacctg ccgctgctgc cggaggacga aagccaggac ctggaacgct ggagcggcac 17641 cacaggggaa gcgccgacca ccacgctgca cgccctcgcc cacgagatcg cccaacgcca 17701 ccccgaccgc ccggcgatcc acttcggaca gaacagcctg acctacggcg agttcgacgc 17761 gcgatccgct cagctcgccc acgagttgcg cgcccgcggc gtccgagccg aaaccccggt 17821 cgtggtgtgc ctggaacgct ctcccgaggc gctgatcgcc gtctacggcg tgctgaaggc 17881 cggcggcgcg tacgtgccgg tggagaccag caaccccgac ctgcggatcg ccgagctgat 17941 cgccgactcc ggagcggcgc tggtcctcac ccagcggcga ctcgccgacc gcctggccgc 18001 gctgggcgcg gaggtcgtgg tggtggacga gccgctgccc cggcacccca ccaccgaccc 18061 ggagccgctc accggtcccg accacctggc gtacgtgatc tacacgtccg gctccaccgg 18121 ccgccccaag ggcgtgatgg tgcagcacgg gtcggtgctg aacttcctcg acgcgctgga 18181 ccgccgcttc gacctcaccc ccgacgaccg gctgctgcac aagtccccgc tggcgttcga 18241 cgtgtcggtg cgcgaggtct tctgggcgct gacccggggc gcgtcggtcg tcgtcgccga 18301 acccggccgg cacgccgacc ccggccacct ggtggacctg gtcgagcggg agcgggtcac 18361 cgtcgcgcac ttcgtgccca gctcgctggc ggtgttcctg gagggcctgc ccggaccggg 18421 ccggtgcccg accctgcggc acgtcctcac cagcggcgag acgctgcccg tgaccacggc 18481 ccgagccgcg cgcgacctgc tgggagcccg gctgcgcaac atgtacggcc ccaccgagac 18541 cacagtcgag atgaccgacc acgacgtcgt ggacgacacc gtggaccggc tgccgatcgg 18601 ccacccgttc gagggcgcgg tcgtgcgcgt gctggacgcg gacctgcggc cggtgccgcc 18661 gggcagcacc ggtgagctgt gcgtcggcgg cctgccggtg gcgcgcggct acctgggccg 18721 cccggcgctg accgccgagc ggttcgtgcc cgacccgctg gggccggcgg gcgcgcggct 18781 gtaccgcacc ggcgacctgg cccggctgct gcccgacggg caactggact tcctgggccg 18841 caacgacttc caggtcaagg tgcgcgggca ccggatcgag cccggcgagg tcgaggcggt 18901 gctcggcgcg ctgcccggcg tgcacggggc gctggtcacc gcgcacgacg accggctcat 18961 cggctacgcc gtcaccgacc gggacggcga ggagctgcgg acggcgctgg ccgagcggct 19021 gcccgagcac ctggtgccct cggtggtgct gaccctggac cggttcccgt tgaccggcaa 19081 cggcaagctc gaccgcgcgg cgctgcccac ccccaccggc cggcacaccg gcgacagccg 19141 cccgctgacc gcgaccgagg cggcgctggc cgcgatctgg cgcgacctgc tggacgtgcc 19201 ggaggtgcgg gcggacgacc acttcttcgc gctgggcggc cactcgctgc tcgcggcccg 19261 ggtcgccgcc cgcgccggcg ccgcgctggg cgtggcgctg cccttgccga ccgtgctgcg 19321 cttcccccgc ctcgcggacc tggcgaccgc ggtggacggc acgcgcgccg accgcgaacc 19381 cgtccggccc cggcccgacc ggcggcgccg cgcgccgctg tcgtccgcgc agcgccggct 19441 gtggatcgag gagaacctgc gacccggcac cgccacctac accgtggccg aggcgttccg 19501 cctgcgcggc gagctggacg aggaggcgtt cgcggcggcc gtggacgacg tgctgcgccg 19561 ccacgacgcg ctgcgcgccc acgtcgagtc cgtcgaggac ggtgaaccgg agctggtggt 19621 cgcgcccgag ccgcgcaccg cgctgcgcgt cggcgacctg ccggccgacc gggtgcggga 19681 cgcgctggcc gccgagtcgg cccgggtgtt cgacccggcc ggcccgctgg tggccacgag 19741 cctgcaccgg ctcgcgcccg acgagtggct gttccagttc accgcgcacc acctggtggt 19801 ggacggctgg tcgctggacg tgctgtggcg cgacctggcc gcctgctacc acgaccgccg 19861 cgcaggccgc gcgccgcgac cgcgcgacgg gctgaccttc accgactaca cgtggtggga 19921 gcgggacgtg cggtcccgcg acctggaacc gcacctggcg ttctggcgcg gggaactggc 19981 cgggttgcgc ccgcagcccc cggccgacgc gcacggcccc ggcgcggtgc tggacttcgc 20041 gctcggcgcg gcgctgtccg acgagctgcg cgccaccgcc gccggcctgg gcgtctcgcc 20101 gttcgtgctc gggctgaccg cgttcgcgct ggcgctgggc gaggactcgc cgggcgcgat 20161 cggcgtggag gtggccaacc gggcctccgc cgagaccgcc gacctggtgg ggctgttcgt 20221 caaccacgtg ccggtgcggg tggcgccgcg cggcaccggc cgggcggcgg tggcggcggt 20281 ggacgaggcc cgccggcgcg tcctgccgca cgagcacgtg ccgttcgacc tggtggtgga 20341 cctgctgggg cccgggaggg cgccgacgag cgtggcgttc tcgcacctgg acgtgcgcgg 20401 gcactcgccg cggctggacg gcgtcaccgc cacccggctc accccgccgc acaacggcac 20461 cgccaagttc gacctcctgc tggaggtgct ggacaccgag cacggcctga ccggggcgtt 20521 cgagtaccgg cccgagcggt tcaccgccgc ccgcgtcgcg caggtccgca accactggga 20581 ggccgcgctg ctgacgctgc tggccgaccc ggacctgccg gtggacgccc gccgacccga 20641 tttcgcgtga tgtcgagggg gaacgacgtg ctgtcaacgg tcgatccggc ggcggagctg 20701 agcaccaccg ccgccgaggt cctggaacac gtggacgccg cggtggcggc gtacccggag 20761 gtgccgatcg cccgcgtgcg ggtcgaggtc gcgggcatcc cgcgcaccct gctgctgaag 20821 ctggagggcc gctcgccgtg gcggtccatc aagggccgca ccgcgctggg cctggtccgc 20881 tcgatcgcgc cgcgcatggc gtcgcgggac gtcacggtcg tggagtccac ctcgggcaac 20941 ctgggcgtgg cgctgtcggc gatctgccgc gacctgggcc tgccgttcgt ggccgtggtg 21001 gacctcaagc agtcgccggt gatccaggcg gcgatcgagg ccaacggcgc gcggctggag 21061 gtcgtgcgga cgccggcggc ggccaccacg cacctgctgg accggctgga ccgggtgcgc 21121 aagctggtcg ccgagatccc cggcgcggtg tggcccaacc agtacgagaa cgacgccaac 21181 cggcacgtgc acgagacgtg gaccgcgccg gagatcgacc gccaggtcgg cggcgaggcg 21241 caggcggtgt tcgtcgcggt gtccaccggg ggcacgctgg cgggcctggc cgcccacttc 21301 cgccgcgccc gcccggcgac gcgcctggtg gccgtggacg tcgagggctc gacggtgttc 21361 ggcggcgtgc ccggcgggcg cgtgctgacc ggcatcggcg cgagccgccg ctccaccttc 21421 ctgacccgcg ccgagtgcga cgacctggtg tacgtgcggg aggcggcggc gatcgccgcg 21481 tgccacgtgc tgcgcgccga caccgggatc gcggtcggcg ggtccagcgg cgcggtcgtc 21541 gcaggcgcgc tggaccacct cgccgcccac cccgggctga ccaccgccgt gtgcgtgtgc 21601 gccgacctcg gcgagaacta cgcgcgcacg gtctacgacc ccgactggct ggcgccgctg 21661 cgcctcaccg acgaccccgg actcctgcgg tcccgcctgc gcggggcgcg cttccaccac 21721 gccgaaccgg acaccggaca ggagagcacc ccatgaccgc catccgcgag atccggctca 21781 gcgagccgga gtccgcgcag gccgcgctgc tcgcgctgga gtgcgcgcag cgctacgccg 21841 aacccgactc cgccgacttc ctcgccgacg ccgccgtgct ggcccacgac ctgccccggg 21901 cggtgcgccg ggaggtcgag cgcgcccgcc tggacgaccg gctgcacgcg ctggtcgtgc 21961 gcggcaacga cgtcgaccag gacgcgctcg gcccgacccc gccgcattgg cggcaggcgc 22021 gcaccgccgc gtcccgccgc tacggcttcc tcctggtgct ctacgcctcg ctgctcggcg 22081 acgtggtcgg ctgggccacc cagcaggacg gccgcgtggt gaccgacgtg ctgcccatcg 22141 aggggcagga ggactcgctg gtcagctcca gcagcagcgt ggagctgggc tggcacaccg 22201 aggacgcgtt ctccccctac cgggccgact acgtgggcct gttctcgctg cgcaaccccg 22261 actcggtggc caccaccgtg gccgggctgg accccgacct ggtcgggccg gccgtggtgg 22321 acgtgctgtt cggcgagcgc ttccacatcc gccccgacaa ctcccacctg cccacgcaca 22381 acagcggcgg ccggttgagc gactacttcg ccggcatcgt cgaggcggtg gagaacccgc 22441 gcgcggtgtc gatcctgcgc gggcaccgcg acgcgccgca gttgtgcgtg gacagcgact 22501 tcaccaccgc cgtggacggc gacgccgagg ccgcgggcgc gttggacacg ctcatcaagc 22561 acctcggcgg cgcgctgtac gaggtggtgc tgggcccggg tgacgtggcg ttcctggaca 22621 accgcaacgt cgtgcacggc cgccgcccgt tccgggcccg gttcgacggc acggaccgct 22681 ggctcaagcg catcaacgtg accgcggacc tgcgcaagtc gcgggcggcg cggcgcgacg 22741 cccaggcgcg cgtgctgggt gaggcgtgat ggtgcgcgac ctgccggccg ccgcgctgga 22801 ggactggttg cgcgagcggt acttcaccgc ccgcgtggac gtctccagca gcggtgtggc 22861 cgaccaccgg ctggcggacc tgcggcggtt gggcgggatc accgtcgagg agctggacgc 22921 ggtggtgttc cgcgacgggc cgtcgctggg cgcggagcgg ctgcgggcgg cgctggcgga 22981 ccggctgcgg cccggacccg accacgtcgt gatgaccgcg cacgggtcca gcgaggcgtt 23041 gttcctggcg atgaccgcgc tggtgcggcc cggtgacgag gtggtggtgc ccgaccccgc 23101 ctaccactcg ctgtcggcgc tggcgcgggc gtgcggggcg gtgctgcggc cgtggccggt 23161 gctgggcgcg gcacccgacc cggcggacct gcgggcgttg ttgacgcccc gcacccggct 23221 ggtcgtggtg aacttcccgc acaaccccac cggggtgacc gtggacgcgg cggtgcaggc 23281 cgaactgctc gacgtggtcg ggcgcagcgg ggcgtacctg ttgtgggaca acgcgttccg 23341 cgacctggtc tacgacgcgc cgccgctgcc ggagccgacc gcgctgggcg ggcgggtgct 23401 gtccaccggc acgctgtcca aggcccacgg gctgcccggc ctgcgggtcg ggtggtgcgt 23461 gctgcccgcc gacctcgcgc cggagctggt ccgcgtccgg gactacctga cgctgagcct 23521 gtcgccgctg accgaactgc tcgccgcggt cgccgtggag cacgccgacg agctgatcgc 23581 gccccggctg gcggaggcga ccgccaaccg gcggcggctg ctggactggg ccgccgcgca 23641 cggcgtggac tgccccgcgc cgggcggcgg ggtgaccgcg ttcccccggt tcccgggggt 23701 ggccgacgtg acgccgctgt gcgaccggct gatgtccgaa cacggcgtcc tgaccgttcc 23761 gggcggttgt ttcggattcc ccgatcgaat gcggatcgga ttcggctgcg accccgcggt 23821 gttcgcggcc gggttgaccg cgctgggcgc cgtgctggcg gaaaaacggt tgccggcaaa 23881 actgtgactg gttgactacg cagcgcaaca tcgccgtttc gagaggaatc accgtggcag 23941 ccatcgagaa cgcgccacgc aggctgcgcg acaacaggga cttccggttc tggtggggcg 24001 gcaccgtgct gtcggccatc ggcgacgagg tcacgctgat cgcgtttccc ctgctcgtgc 24061 tgttcctgac cgggtcgccg acgcacgcgg gcctggtcgg cggcgtggcg gccgtgccgc 24121 cgctgctgct gagcgtgccg atcggcgtgc tggccgaccg gacgtcccgg cgggcgctca 24181 tgctcggcgg ttcggtggtc agcgcgatct ccatcacgtc cattccggtc gtgcacctcc 24241 tgggtgaact cacccttccg catttgtacg tggtcgcatt tgtcaacagc gttgcggcga 24301 ccgtgtaccg gatcgccgac accgccgcgc tgccccggat cgcgggcgag gagaaactgg 24361 gcgaggcggc gtcccagagc gagacgatct ggggcatctc ggccatcgtc gcgccgccgc 24421 tggccggtct gctgttcgag accgccgggc cgacctcgcc gttctggatc gacgccgtgt 24481 cgttcgtcgc gatcatggtg tgcgtcctgg cgatccgggc ccggctcggc gcggacaagc 24541 cctacccgga ggtgtcctgg cggcaggacc tcaccaccgg cgcgcgcgtc acgttgagcc 24601 ggccgctggt gcgggccctg acgatcctga ccgtcgcggg cgacttcctg ttcgcgggca 24661 tcggcctgct gctgatcgtc atggtgcggg agaacggcgc gtcggggctg gagaccggca 24721 cggtgttcac cgccgccgcg gtgggcggca tcctcggctc gatgctcgcc ggccgggtcg 24781 aggaccggat cgggatggtc ccggccgtgc tgaccaagca ctggctgacc gccgcgctgt 24841 tcccgctgct gctggtggac ctgcccggct gggccaccgg gctggtctgg ggcctgatct 24901 cgttccagat ctcgatcctc aacgtgatcc agatgaagta cctgatgagc gtcatcccca 24961 acagcaagct cggccgcgtc gaggggttcc tgacgttcat cgagcagggc agcctgccgc 25021 tgggctacgc gctcaccggc gtgctgctgg gcctgctcgg caccacgtcc acgctgctgg 25081 cctacgaggc cgtgctgctg gtcctggccg tcttcgcgac ggtcagccgg ggcctgcgca 25141 cccccgcgca ccccgacgag cccgcccgat catcgggctg acgccaggag agctgatgac 25201 ccaggtcgac ttcacccggt gggacctgcg caccgacgcc gagaagcacg ccaccccgac 25261 cgtcctgagt ggaccgccgc cggcgtggtc gccggacacc acgttggcgc ggctggtgct 25321 ggaccaggcc gaccgcaccc cggacgcgga cgcggtccgc atcggcccgg acgccctgac 25381 ctaccgcgag ttggccgccg gcgcgcggcg ggtcgcggcc tgggtggccc ggcagccgca 25441 caccgggccg ccgcgcgtcg gcgtgctcgg cgagcggtcc cttgcgacct acccggtgct 25501 gctgggggtg ctgctggcgg gcggcgcgta cgtgccgctg gacccggcgg cgccgcccgc 25561 ccggctgcgc gcggtgctgt cccgggccga cgcgcacgcc gtggtgacga ccgcggagag 25621 ctgggcgttg ttggagcagc cggggctgcc cgcgctgctg accgaccagc cgctgccgtt 25681 ccagcggtcc aaggtggaca gcgggcgggt cgcggtgctg gcgggcctgc ccgacgcggg 25741 cgagccggtc gggccgacgc cggacgacgt ggcctacgtg atcttcacgt ccggttcgac 25801 cggcacgccc aagggtgtgg tggtgcagca ccgggcggcg gtgaacctga cctgctgggc 25861 ccgcgacctg gtgccgatgg ggccgggcag ccgggtcacc cagaacgcgt cgctgcactt 25921 cgacgcctcg gtgcaacaga tcttcccggc gctggcctcg ggggcgacgc tgttcccggt 25981 gccggagcgg gtgcgactgt ccgggccgga gctggccgcg tggctggccc ggcaccggat 26041 cacgcactgg gactcggtgc cctcgctgtg gacgcccgtg gtggagcacc tggccgaccg 26101 gatcgccgcg ggacaacggg tgctgcccga cctgcgggcc gtgctgctgg ccggcgagcc 26161 gctgccggcg cggcaggtgg accggtggcg gtcgtgggag caggggcacc ggctgttcaa 26221 cgtctacggg cccaccgagg tgaccgtgaa cgcgaccgcg ttcgaggtga ccgggccggt 26281 gggcgcggtg gtgccgatcg ggcggccgtt gccggggatc accgcgtccg tgctggacgc 26341 gcacggcaac ccctgcccgg tggacgccga cggtgagctg ttcctgggcg gggtggggct 26401 ggcgcgcggc tacctggacg acccggaggg caccgcgcgg tcgttcgtgg agcgcggcgg 26461 cgagcggttc taccggaccg gtgacgtggt gcgggtcggc gcggacggcc tgctggtgtt 26521 cgtgggccgc cgggacgacc aggtgaagct caacggcgtc cgcgtcgagc cggccgagat 26581 cgagcacgcc ctgctggcgc accccggcgt gaccgaggcg gtggcggtgg tgctgcgcga 26641 ggagggccgg gcggagctgg tggcctgcgt ggcctcggcg gtcgagctgt ccacggagga 26701 catccgggcc gggctggcgg aagagctgcc ggcggcgctg gtgccgtcgc gggtggtggt 26761 cgtggagtcg ttgccgcaca acgccaacgg caagctggac cgggccgcgt gcgcggagct 26821 ggcgcgcgac ctgtccggcc cgtcgggcgg cgccgggccg ctcggggcga cggcggcgac 26881 gctgctgggc atctggcgga gcgtgctggg ccgtgacgac atcggcccgg acgacgagtt 26941 cttccaggtc ggcggcaact cgatcaccag catccggctg cgccgggagt gcgtggaggc 27001 ggggttgccg atccgggcgg tggacgtgtt cctgcacccg accgtgcggc ggctggcccg 27061 gtacgtggac gacaaccgga ccacgctggc cgcccgcgcc cgtcccgcgc cggaggagtc 27121 gccgaccgac ggcgagttcc ccctgctgcc cgcccaacgg ccgctcgccc tgacggcgct 27181 gctcagcgac ggcggcgcgc agcgcggtct ggtgcaggag accgtcacct accgggtgcc 27241 gctggacgtg gacgccgtgc gcggcgcgct ggaggtgctg ctggagcggc acgaagtgct 27301 gcggacggcg gtcacgccgg ggctggcgca gcgggtgctg ccgaaggtgc cggtgccgtt 27361 ggaggtggtg gacctgaccg gcgtggccga ccagtggggt gcggtgctgg aggccgccga 27421 ccgggactac gcgaccccgt tcgacctggc cgagccgccg ctggtgcggg tgcgggcgtt 27481 cgaccggggc gaggtgttct cgctgacctg gaccctgcac cacgtcatct cggacgggtg 27541 gtcgtgggag atcgtgcaac gcgagttcga ccggctgcac gtggccctgc gagcgggccg 27601 gttccgcccg ctgccgccac cggtgctgcc cctgcgcgcg ctggcccgcc gcctggggtc 27661 gggcgggacg ccggacccgg agtgggtggc gcgcctggcc gccacgcccg ccctgctgct 27721 gcccgccgac ggcagcggcg tcggcggtga gcacatcgag tggccgatcg accccgggac 27781 gcaccgcgag ttggccgccc gcgcgcaggc cgcggaggcg tcgccggccg cgatccacct 27841 cctcgccttc accgaggccc tgcggcgggt gtgccggcag gactcgttcg ccgtcggcgt 27901 cgtgtcgtcg ggccgcaacg tggacgtgcc gggcgtcgag gaggccgtcg cgtgcctggc 27961 ccggaccgtg ccgctgccgg tggacgccgt gggcggcgcc gaggcccgcc tggcgcggct 28021 gcaccgcgac ctcgccgtgg tggtcggcat ggacgacgtg gacaccgacg tgctcccggc 28081 cgacgtgccc gccggcgtcc gccacccggt ggcgaccttc gtcttccaga actacccgga 28141 cgccgccgtg ccgcccggcc accggccgct gcccgaggtg cccgaggagg gccgctggcg 28201 cgaggccggg tccgacccgc tggcgctggt gtgcttcgag gacgacggcg tgcccggctg 28261 ccggctggag ttcgacaccg ccgcggtgtc ccgggcgacc gccgagctgg tcgccaggga 28321 ggtccgccgg gcccagaacc gactcgcgaa ggggatgcag ccgtgaccgc ggacgccgcg 28381 ctcgaacccg acgaacgggc cgcctggctg gcctacaacg acaccgccga ggacttcccc 28441 ggcccgcacc tgctcgcccg cctcgacgcc gtggcgcgcg agcaccccga ccgccccgcc 28501 gtgcacgccg tcgacggcgt gtggacctac cgcgaactgc accgccgcgc cgacgcggtg 28561 gccgccttcc tggccgcgcg gggcgtccgg ccgggttcgg tggtggcgat cgcggccacc 28621 cgcgcgctcg ccccgtacgc cgcgctgctc ggcgtcctga aggccgggtg cgcctacgtg 28681 ccggtcaacc cggacgaccc cgccgaccgg gtggcgttcg tgctggccga cgccggcgcc 28741 acgccgctgc tgctggacac cgacccggcg agcctgcccg ccgcgcccgc gccggacgtg 28801 ccgcacgagc cggaccgggt ctgctacgtc atctacacct ccggcagcac cggccgcccc 28861 aagggcgtgg tgatggccga acgcgccgtg gacaacctca cgcactgggt ggtgcggcgg 28921 cacgacgtgc gccccgacga ccggctgggc cagaccgcgc cgctgacgtt cgacccgtcc 28981 gtgcaacagg tcttccccgc ctgggcgacc ggcgcgtgcc tggtcaccgt gcccgacgac 29041 gtccagcgcg acccggccgc cttcctggac tggctgcgcg ccgagcgcgt cacccacctg 29101 gacctggtga cctcgcactg ggtccacctg ctcaacgccg ccgaggcgcg cccggcggag 29161 ctgccggacc tgcgctggat catcatcggc ggcgagacgt actactacca ccagacccac 29221 cgctggcacc gggtcgtgtc ctcccccgcg cggctgaaca cgatctacgg ccccaccgag 29281 gcggccgtca acgccaccga gcacctcacc gaacccgacc tggaccacgg ccaggtgccc 29341 atcggcgtcc cgctgcccaa ctaccgcctc tacgccctgg acgacgacgg gcggctgtgc 29401 ccgccgggca tcaccggcga gatccacatc gccggcgccg gcctcgcgcg cggctaccgg 29461 tccgccgagg ccaccgcgaa ggcgttccac gagctggaag tccacagtgg acggaccgag 29521 cggctgtacc ggaccggcga cctcgcccgg ctggtgcgcc acgccgaccg gtgggcgctg 29581 gagttccagg gccgggtgga cagccaggtc aagatctccg gctaccgcgt cgagctggag 29641 gaggtggacg cggcggtcaa ggccgtgccg ggcgtgcggg acgcggccgt cgtggtgcgc 29701 ggcgaaccgg ccgagcagct cgtgtgctgc tacgtcggcg acgtgccgcc ggaccggctg 29761 cggtcgcgcc tgaccgagcg gttgcccgcc tacctggtgc cgcacctgct ggtgccggtg 29821 gaggcgttgc cgttcacccg caacgggaag atggacaccg ccgagctggc cgagctggtg 29881 cggcggttcg cgcgcgactc cgccggccgc gcgccgcgcc ccggcgtgga gtccgtggtc 29941 gcggcggtgt gggccgaggt gctggacctg ccggaggtgt cggcggacgc ggacttcctg 30001 ggccacggcg ggtcgtcgct gctggcgttc cgggtcgtgg accggctgcg ccggcgcggg 30061 atccgggtgc ggccggccga cgtgctgcgc gagcgcacgg tcgcgggcct ggccgccgtc 30121 gccgaagagg acctggtgct gacgccctcg acgcggctgg cgctgcgccg gccgggcggc 30181 aacgccaccc tcgacatcgg cctccccgcc gacgtgcccg ccgaacgggt ccgcgccgtg 30241 ctggaggaca tcgtgcggcg gcaccccgtg ctgcgcgccc ggatcgacga cgacggcccg 30301 cgcgcggtgc cggtggaccg gttcgagctg cacacccccg acggcccggt ggacgacgcc 30361 aaggcccggc tcgccgagtc caccgacctg acgaccgggc tgcccacggc agccgcgctg 30421 gtggcgggcc ggctgctggt gtcgatccgg cacgaactgg tcgacggcgc ggcgctgcgc 30481 cgggtcgccg aggaggtcgc ggccggcctg ggtcgcgcgc cgcggccccg cccggtcgtg 30541 cccgtggccg accagccgct gggcggaccg gccccggacg ggctgcgcgg gcacctggtc 30601 cgcttccttg aggccgagaa ggccgcgttg gccgcgctgc cgcgcgagca ccgcgaccgg 30661 gtggtggagg tggacctggg gcacgcgccc gacgcgctgc tggacacccc gccgacccgg 30721 tggcacgccc gcctggtcgc cgccgccgcg acggccgcgc ggtcctggct ggggctggtc 30781 gacgtgccgg tgggcgtgcc ccggcactgg ccgggcgcgg gcgggtcggt cgcgaacctg 30841 gccgacgtgc tgcccctggt cgtcgcggac gacgacgagg ccgacgcgca gtggcggcgc 30901 ttcgccgacc cggccgtgca ctggggcgcg gcgctgctgg acgcctgccc cgacctcgcc 30961 gacgactggc ccgcgccccg gatcgcgccg cagggctcgt tccggctcgt ggtgaccgcc 31021 gacgacgaac cgctcgcgcc cgacctcccg ctgcacgaga gcccgaccgc gttcgacccg 31081 gcgtcggcgg gcgcggtgga gttcgcggtc gtcgcgggcg accgcctgcg gctgcacgtc 31141 accggctggg acctgcccgc cgacgaggtc aaggccgtgg ccgccggctg ggtcgaggcg 31201 ttggcgggtg agcggcggtg acgccggacc cgcactggct gcgcccggtg ggcgggcggt 31261 ccggcggccc ggtgctgctg tgcctgccgc acgcgggcgc cggcgccttc gcctacgccg 31321 gctgggaccg gcaggacgcg ttcgacgtcg tggccgtgca accgcccggc cgggaggacc 31381 ggttcgccga gcagccgatc accgaccccg agcacctcgt ccgcgagatc gccgacgcgc 31441 tgggcgacct cgccgagcag ccgctggcgc tgttcgggca cagcctgggc gcgctgatcg 31501 cccacgacct ggcccgcgag ctggaccgcc ggggcgcgcc cgacccgctg ctgctcgcgg 31561 tgtccgggca cgtgccgccg caccggctcg accccgaccg ggcgcgcgac cggtccgacg 31621 ccgaactggt cgagcacgtc cgcgaactcg acgacgaccc cctggacgac gtgctggccg 31681 acccggagtg gcgcgcgatg ctgctgcgcc cgctgcgcgg cgacctggcc ctgcacgacg 31741 cccacaccca ccgccccggc ccccggctgc gcgtgcccgt gctcgcgctg accggcgcgg 31801 acgacgacgc caccccggcc gaggacacgg cggcgtgggc ggagctgacc gagggcccct 31861 tcgcccaccg ggtccacccc ggcgggcact tctacctccg cgccgccagg tcggccgtcc 31921 tcgacgacct cgcgcaccac ctcgaaggag cgtggcgacc atgaccaccg agaccccagc 31981 gaccaccggc gccccggcga ccaccggcgc ccccgcccca ccgggccggg ccgagatcgt 32041 cgccgccgtg ctgccggtat tcgccgaggt gctcgacgcg ccggacctca cccccgacag 32101 cgacttcttc gtccacggcg gcaactcgct gctggccatc cgggtcgccg ggcgggtggg 32161 ccgcaggctg ggccggcagg tcccgcccgc cggcgtgctc aagcacccga ccccggacct 32221 gctggccgcc cacctggagg aggagttccg cggcggcggc gcgccgccga tccccgcgcc 32281 gcgcgccggg gcggaggccg accgccggcc gtccaccgcc caggaacggg tgtggctgct 32341 gcaccagctc gaccccgacc ggctcgacca cctggtcacc gtggcgctgg acgtggccgg 32401 gacggtggac ccggcggcgt tcaccgcggc gtggaccgcg gtcgtgcgcc ggcacgaggc 32461 gctgcgcagc cggttcgtca aggccgacga cgaccgggtc gcggtcgtcg tggacgccga 32521 ggccgcgccg gagatcagcg tgctggacct cgcccgcttc cccgccccgg tgcgcgaccg 32581 gctcgccgag gaacgggtcc ggctcctgcg caccaccccg atccggctgg acaccggccc 32641 gctcgcccgg ttcgcgctgc tgcgcctggc cgaccggcgg taccggatcg agctggccgt 32701 gcaccacatc gtgtgcgacg gctggagcct ggacaccctg ctcgccgact tcctcgacgc 32761 ctacggccgc gcgctggcgg gccgctcccc cgcgctgccg ccgccggcgg tgggcttcgc 32821 cgactacgtg gcgtgggagc gggacgtgga gtcctcgcgg tggccggaca tggccgtgcg 32881 gctggcccgc cggttcgccg accggcccgc cgacctgccg ctgccggtgg acccggtgga 32941 cgtgccggcg cacgaggacg gcgacgacgt gaccgtgcac gccccgcccg gcctcgcggc 33001 ggcggtggag cgggcccgga cctccttcgg gcacaccgcg ctgacgttcc acctgaccgc 33061 gctgggcgtc ctgctcgccc ggatcaccgg ggtggacgac ctggtggtgg cggtgccggt 33121 cgcgggccgc gcgcagaccg agcacgagga cctggtgggg ctgttcgtca acacggccct 33181 ggcgcgggtg cggctgggcg gcacctcgga cgtgcgggtg ctgctggagc gcaaccgcga 33241 cgaggtggac gagctggtgg actgccagac cttcccgttc gaccgcctgg tggacctgct 33301 cggcgcgcgc cgcgcgggca ccagggtgcc gctggcccgg gtgtcgctgg cggtgcagaa 33361 cttcgacgac cccggcacgc ccgcgcccga gctgggcttc acctggcagt tccgcgaccc 33421 gccggagcgg cagagcaagt tcgacctggc cttcaccgtc tccgacaccg acggcctgcg 33481 gttgacggtc acctaccggc cgtcgctgtt ccgccgggcc accgtcgccg cgtgggccgg 33541 ccagtacctc gtggcgctgg agcacgtcgt gcgcggcgtc gccgacccgg aggggagcgc 33601 gcggtgaagc tcaaccggca gcacgagttg ttccgcgagt ccgtgcggat ggtgctcgac 33661 cgcgagtgcg tcgagctggt cgacgactgg gagcgcgacg gcgtcatgcc cgtgcaccag 33721 ctgtgcaaga ccctggccgc cgaagggctg ctgggcctga ccatgccggt ggaggacggc 33781 gggctgggcc tggacctggg ctactcctac gtgtgggcgc aggagctggg ccgcgtcccg 33841 gccggcgcgc ccgcgatggc gctgtccgtg cagaccgaca tcgtcgcgcc gctgctggcc 33901 cgcgccggca cgcccgaggt gcgccgggac gtgctgcggc cggccatccg gggcgagctg 33961 gtggcggcgc tggccgcgac cgagccggcg ggcgggtccg acctgggcgc gctcaccacc 34021 accgccgtgc gcaccgagcg cggcttcacc gtcaacggca ccaaggcgtt catcaccaac 34081 gggtcggtcg cggacttcgc cgtggtgctg tgccgcaccg gcgaggcggc cggcatcggc 34141 gacctggcgc tgctggtggt gccgaccaac ctggccgggg tgcggcaggt ccgccacacc 34201 ggcaagctcg gccaccgctc gtgcgaccac ggcacgctga ccttcaccga cgtggaggtg 34261 cccgcggcct acctgctggg cgaggtcggc gagggctacg agctgcagac ccgcacgttc 34321 acccgggagc gctgcttcct ggccgtggtc gcgctcggcc aggccgaacg ggtgctgcgc 34381 gcgaccgtgc accacgcgcg ccgccgccgc gtcctgggcc gcgcgctgac cgaccaccag 34441 gcgatcgggt tccggctcgc cgaactcgac gccgaactcg acctcgtgcg cagctacgcg 34501 ggcgaggcct accaactgct cgccgacggc gcgcagtgcc tgcgcgaggc cagcatcgcc 34561 aagctgcgcg ccacccgcct gctgcgcgag gtcgccgacg tcgggctcca ggtccggggc 34621 gcggcgggct acctgggcgt ggacgacgtc gagcgcacct accgcgacgc ccgcgcgggc 34681 agcttcgcgg gcggcgcgga cgaagcgctg ctgcacctca tcgcgggcca cctgaccggc 34741 accgaacagg agtgaccatg acgccgagcg aagaactgct gttcctggac cgcgagaccg 34801 tgcgggcctg cgtcgcgggc gtggaccccg tcgaggtggt cgagtccgtg ctgcgcagcc 34861 acgccgccgg ccgcaccacc ctgcccgccg agggctacct gccgtgggag aacgaccagg 34921 gcgcgtactg ccggtccatc gccatgctgg gcgcggtgga cggcgaacgc ggccccacct 34981 acggcatcaa gctgatcaac gccgccgtct ccaacccctc gatcggcctg gaccgggccg 35041 gcggctgcgg gttcctgttc gacccgcgga ccgcccggcc cgtggtgctg gcggaggcgg 35101 cctacctgtc gggactgcgc accgccgcct acacgatggc gagcctgcgg cacctggggc 35161 cggtggggtt cgacgcggtg agcttcatcg gcacgggggc gcaggcgcgc gtgcacgccg 35221 cgctgctggc ccgctacttc ccggccgtgc gggacctgca cgtgttcgac accgagcgct 35281 ccagggccga ggcgttcacc ggcgcgtccg ggcacaccgt gcacgtgcac gacaccgccg 35341 aggccgccgt gcgcgcgagt cacgtcctgg tcaccctgac caccgtcgac gacgggtaca 35401 tcccgcacga ctggttccgg cccgggtcgt tcgtcgcgca cgtgtcgctg gacgacctgc 35461 tgcccgaggt gttcttcaag tccgaggcgc tgttcgtgga cgacctggag ctgatccggg 35521 agaacccgcg ccgggtgctg ggcgcgctgc tggccgacgg cgacgtcccg gtcaccgggt 35581 cgctgggcgg ggtgctgacc ggggcggtgg ccccggtgcg gccccgggac ggggtggtgg 35641 tcagcaaccc gttcggcatg gccgtgctgg acgtgggcct gctggcggag gtcgccgcgc 35701 acgcccgctc cgccgggctg ggcacgaccc tcgacctgct gggcgcggcc cgatgaccgg 35761 cctgtactcg ctggcggacc tgtccccggc ggacgtcctc gccctggcgg accggtcggt 35821 gcagctgcac cgcgaccgga ccgcgcacga ccgcccgctg accgacctgg tggtgggcac 35881 cctgttcacc aagacctcca cccgcaccag gaccgcgttc accacggcgg cgctgcggct 35941 gggcgcgtcg gtggtcgcgt tcggcccgga cgagctgcag accgccaccg gcgagtccac 36001 cgcggacacc ggccgggtcc tggcgtccat gctggacggg ctggtcgtgc gcaccgccgg 36061 gccggtcgcg cggcaacggg agttgtccgg cggcggcgtg ctgccggtgg tcaacgccat 36121 gagccgcgag gagcacccca cccagggcct gaccgacctc gcggtgctgc gccaccactt 36181 cggcgacctg gcgggcgtgc gggtgctgta cgtgggcgag ggcaacaaca ccgccgccgc 36241 cctggtgcac gcgctggccg ccgtcccggg ctgcgagctg gtgctggcct gccccaaggg 36301 ctacgggccg cgcgaccccg gcccgtggcg ggaggtcgcg gacctcgcgg aggtcaccgg 36361 ggacgtggac gtcgtctaca ccacccggtg gcagaccacc ggcacggcca aggccgaccc 36421 ggactggcgc gaggcgttcc ggcccttcca cgtggacacc gcgctgatgg accggtggcc 36481 ggacgcggtg ttcctgcacg acctgcccgc ccaccggggc gaggaggtgg ccggcgcggt 36541 gctggacggc gcgcggtcgc tggcctggac gcaggccgcg atgaaggcgg cgagcgcgat 36601 ggcggtgctg gagcggttcg tcgggggtcg tcgtgcttga cctctccccc gcgcagcgca 36661 gcctgtgggt gctgcaccaa ctggacgaca ccgggttcac gctgtcgtcg gcgcaccggc 36721 tgcgcgggcc gttcgacctc ggcgcgttca cggcggcggt ggacgcggtg gtggcccggc 36781 actcgccgtt gcgcacccgg ttcccggtcg ggacggacgg cgggcccgac cccgtggtgg 36841 acccgccggg gccggtggtg gtcgaggcgg tcgcggcgga ggggttcacg gccgcgcacg 36901 ccgaagccgc gcggttctgc gcccggccgt tcgacctggc gcgggagtgg ccgctacggg 36961 tgctcgtggt gcgtctgtcc acagaggacc atgtggtggc gttggcggtg caccacatct 37021 cctgtgacgg cgtgtcgctg gggctgttgc acgacgagct gtcccggctc tacgacggtg 37081 cggagctgcc gccggtcgcc gaccaccggg agctggtggc tcggcgcgcg gtggacccgg 37141 cggcggtggc ccggtgccgg gaccggctgg cgggcgtgcc gccgctggcc gccgaccggc 37201 ccgcggtgcg gtcgggcaag ggcgaccagg tgtggttcac cgtgcccgcc gacctgaccg 37261 gcgcggtgcg ggcgtgcgcg cggcggcacc gcgtcaccgc gttcatggtg ttgctggccg 37321 cgttccagct cgtcctgcac cggcggaccg ggcagaccga cttcgcggtc ggcgtgccgg 37381 tggccgggcg cggcgacccg gacagcgaga acgtcatcgg cctgttcacc aacaccgtcg 37441 tggtgcgggc cgacctggcc ggcgagccgg gcccggcgga ggtgctgcgc cgggtgcggg 37501 aggccgcgtt cgacgcgttc gccgaccagg acgtcccgct gggcgcggtg gtggcggccg 37561 tgggcgaacc gcccgacccg gcgcgcaccc cgttgttcca ggccctgttc accttccagg 37621 acgcgccggt cgggcggctg gcgctgcccg gcgtgcggtg cgtggaactg gacctgccca 37681 ccggcgccgc cgcctccgac ctggagctgg agctggtgcg cgacggcgac gagctggccg 37741 ggtccctgga gtactcgacc gacctgcacg acagcggcac ggccgcggcg ctgaccgccg 37801 acttcctggc cgtgctggac gagatcaccg cggaataggg ggaaacgtgg acacgtacct 37861 ggtggtcgtc aaccacgagg agcagtactc ggtgtggccg gccgaccggc cgctgcccgc 37921 cgggtggcgt gccgagggca cgtccggcga caaggagcag tgcctcgcgc acatcgagac 37981 cgtgtggacc gacatgcgcc cgctcagcgt gcgccgccgc gcggaggcgg tgtgaccgcg 38041 ctgcaccgcc tcgaccagct cgccggcgcg cggcccgacg cgccggcgtt gctggacgag 38101 gcggagacgg tgtcctacgg gcggctgtgg cgcgagctga ccggcgtggc gggcgcgttg 38161 cgggcggcgg gcgtgcggcg cggggaccgg gtggtggtgc cggcggaccg gacgtggcag 38221 ggcatcgtgt cgatgctcgg tgtgctgcgg gcgggggcgg cgtacgtgcc ggtggacgcc 38281 ggcgacccgg tcgagcggtt gcggcacgtc gtgcggacgg cgggcgcggc gtgggtgacc 38341 gggcgggcgg aggcgctggc ggcgttgccg gacctgggcc tgcacccgat cccgttcggc 38401 tcggccccag actcggcctc acgctcggcc tcaggctcgg actcgggttc gcactcggct 38461 tccggaggcg tcggcgggtt gcccgatccg gaggacttgg cgtacgtgat gttcacctcc 38521 gggtccacgg gcacggcgaa ggcggtcatg gtgccgcacc ggtcgatcgc gcacgccgcc 38581 ccgtcgctgg cgcggcggtg cgggatcacg ccggacgacc ggttcctgag ctgggcgtcg 38641 ctcgtgtggg acaccagcgg cgaggagctg tactcgacgc tgctgtccgg cgcgggcctg 38701 gtgctcgacc gcgaggccac ctccgggtcg gtcccggcgc tgctgcgcgc ggtcgaacgc 38761 cggtcggtgt cggtcgtgga cctgccgacc gcgttctgga accaggtggt cgactacctg 38821 gagacgaccg gcgaggcggt gccggagtgc ctgcggctgg tcgtcgtggg cggcgaggag 38881 gtgcgggcgc ggcaggtgcg ggtctgggcc gagcgcgcgc cggacgtccg gctgctcaac 38941 acctacgggc agaccgagac cgtcatggtc acccacgcgg ccgacatcgg cggtctcgcg 39001 ccgccggacg ggggcgcggt gccgatcggg cacccgctgc cgcacgtccg ccagcacctc 39061 gaaccggtcg gcgacggcct gttcgagctg cacgtcggcg gtcccaccct cgcgtggggc 39121 taccgggacc ggcccgcggc gaccgccgag cggttcccgc ccgacgagcg cgggcggcgg 39181 ttccgcaccg gggacctggt gcgggtggcc gacgacggcg cactggtgtt cgtgggtcgg 39241 gcggaccggc aggtcaaggt gcgcggggtg cgggtcgagc cggccgaggt ggaacgcgcg 39301 ctcatggcgt gccccggggt gaccgcggcg gcggcgttcg tggtggacaa cgcgtcggac 39361 ggcgtcctgc tggtcggcgc gttcgtgccc ggcgacggcg acgccacgcc cgcgacggtc 39421 gcggcggccc tgcgcaccag gttgtcgccc gcgctgctgc cgcaccgcct ggtgtccgtg 39481 cccagcatgc cgctgctcac cacgggcaag atcgaccagg ccgcgctggt ggagcggttc 39541 gcgcggtccg acgtcgcgcc gggcgccggc ctggcggggc agctcgcggt ggtgttcagc 39601 gaagtcctgg gcacgccgtg cgcggccgac gacgacttct tcgaccaggg cggtgactcc 39661 gtggtcgcga cccggctgct gacgcgcatc cggcgcagct accgggtgga gctgacgttc 39721 cgcgacgtgt tcgaccaccc gagcccgacc gcgttggcgg gcctgatcag ccggaccccg 39781 aggtgagcgc ggtgcccgtc cagccgcacg agcacgtccg gcgcacgccg gtggagccgt 39841 cctggcggcg gttccccggc tggcgggacg tgacgcggga gcagtggcgc gacccgcggt 39901 ggcagcgcgt gcactgcgtc cggaacaccc ggcagttgcg cgcggtcgtc ggtgacctgc 39961 tcgacgagcg gttctacgac gacctggcgg ccgaccagga gtcgttcgcc acgatgtcga 40021 tgctgctgcc cccgcagatg ctcaacacga tggtgcccga gggggcggcg gacttcaccg 40081 gggcgttcta cgccgacccg gtgcgccggt acatgctgcc ggtgcggtcc gaccgcgacc 40141 ccgagtggcc gagccacccg tactcgtcac gggactcgtt gcacgaggcc gagatgtggg 40201 tggtggaggg cctgacccac cggtacccga cgaaggtgct ggcggagctg gtgtccacgt 40261 gcccccagta ctgcgggcac tgcacgcgga tggacctggt cggcaactcg accccgcagg 40321 tgcgcaagca caagctggag ctcaaaccgg tggaccggca ggaccggatg ctggactacc 40381 tgcgccggac gccggccgtg cgggacgtgg tggtctccgg cggtgacgtg gcgaacgtgc 40441 cgtggccgca actggagtcg ttcctggcgc ggctgctgga gatcgagacc gtgcgcgaca 40501 tccggttggc caccaaggcg ctcgccggcc tgccccagca ctggctccaa ccgcaggtgg 40561 tggagggcat gtcccgcgtc gcccgcacgg ccgcgagccg gggcgtgaac ctggccgtgc 40621 acacgcacgt gaaccacgcc cagtccgtga cgccgttggt ggccgaggcg gcgcgggcgc 40681 tgctggacgc gggggtgcgg gacgtgcgca accagggcgt gctgatgagg ggcgtgaacg 40741 cgacgccgga cgacctgctg gagctgtgct tcgcgttgca gggcgaggcg aacatcctgc 40801 cgtactactt ctacctgtgc gacatgatcc cgaacgccga gcactggcgg acgtcggtgg 40861 ccgaggcgca ggacctgcag gcggcgatca tgggttactt acccggctac gcgacgccgc 40921 gcatcgtgtg cgacgtgccg tacgtgggga agcggtgggt gcaccaggtg gtcgagtacg 40981 accgcgagct gggcgtctcg tactggacga agaactaccg gacgggtatc gaatcagacg 41041 acccgaacgc cctggaccgc cggtacccct actacgaccc gatctccacg ttgggcgaga 41101 cgggccggcg gtggtggcgc aaacacgaac gagcctgacc cgcacgcgcc ccgacggctc 41161 aacggtcgtc ggggcgcggc accggcacgg gcgggcgcgg ggtgggccgg cctggcgtgc 41221 gcgggcctgc ggcgagtgtg ggcgtgcggg tgggctatgg cggagcggtg gactcagcgg 41281 taggcggtca ggccgtcttc cagttcttcg tcgtcgccgt cctcggcacc cgccagcgcc 41341 tgctgcaacg cgaacgtccc ctggtaagcc cggatccgcg gccacaggtc ccccgccccg 41401 agcagcgcga ccacccgctc caccagctca ggcccataac tggcccccac cgccgccagg 41461 tcctccgccg ggtcgcccac cttggcctcg tcccagtcca cgatcccggt cagccgcggc 41521 agctcctcga cctgctgcca caacacgttc tccccgccga gatccccgtg caccaacccg 41581 gtggcgacgt ggtccatcgc cacggccgcc gccaactcgc gctcggcccg cgcccggccg 41641 tcctccgaca tcagcgggaa cagcgtcgcc cggacccgcc cggcgaaccc gcgccaccgc 41701 ccggcgtcgg cgaccggcag caccagccgc aacttctcca catcagcgcc ggccatcgcc 41761 cgcaacaccc gcgcgaactc ggcggccacg acgtcgatca cctcgggcga cgtcgcgtcc 41821 ccccgctcca acggcgtgcc gtgcagccgg ctgagcacca ggaacccgtg cggaccgccg 41881 tcccgcacct ccgacagcgg aaccggcacc cccaccccca gctccaccgc gtcgaccgcc 41941 gtcagcaccg ccacccgacc cggcagctcc gccgccgcgc cagccgtctt gggaaaccgg 42001 aacacccggt cacgcgcgat caacacgtcg tggaactggc cggagtgcac accggcaccc 42061 tcaagatcga catccgggtg ggcacgccga accacgtcaa caaggtggga caaggtcatg 42121 cccccacata gtgccgaccc accgaagcca ccgcgaccga tttatctcac ggtccgcacc 42181 cgtcccacta ctcagtgaaa tcccttacaa cgatcgggtg aatcgccgca cagcacccga 42241 accgaaccca cgcccgcgca cgaaccactg gagccgtccg gcgcacggcg gaatcgtgcg 42301 ccggacgggc ctgcgcgtgc cgccggttag agttcgcggg tggggaatgg cgagcggatc 42361 ggggtgttct acgacggcac ctggttcgcg tatttgagcg actacttcgc gtccgtgcac 42421 ccgcgggccg cccgggtctc gctggacggg ttccacgacg ccctgcgctg gtacgtgcac 42481 accgtcaccc accagccgtt ggacgagtgc gtggtcagtg aggcgcatta cgtccgcggc 42541 cggatcgaca cgccggcggt ggcgttcgac gccgtgttgg cggcggccgg ggtggtgcgg 42601 cacgacctgc cgctgcacgc gggcaaggag aagggggtgg acgtccacct cgcgctggag 42661 gcctgggagc gggccacctc cgtgccgttg cggtgggtcg tgctggtgac cggcgacgcg 42721 gacttcgcac ccctcgccac ccgcctcaag acacgcggcg tccgggtcgt ggtgccggtc 42781 gtggacggcg gggtcgtcgc gccggcgtgg atgccgcgca cggcggcgcc gctgcgcgcg 42841 gcggcgtcgg ccacgcccac gttcgacgac ctgttcacac ccgcggaacg cgacgactac 42901 ccgctgcggg cgccgttcgt gcggacctcc gggggcggcg cgtccgtcgc cggcgaaccc 42961 cgcggccggc gcaagggcac cgtcaccggg tggaaaaccg gccagccgca cgggttcatc 43021 accgacacgc gcggcgcgtc ctggttcgtc tcgcgcgacg acctcccgct ggggctggtg 43081 gccctgccgg tcggcacgtc cgtgtcgttc tccggcccgt ccactccccc ggccggacgc 43141 aagtacccgc gggcgtacgc ggtgcagacg gagtgatcag cccttcttga acagcagctt 43201 ccacggcatg accgcggact ccaactgcac cccgaagctc atcttggacg cgccctccgc 43261 ccgctcctcg aaccggatcg gcacctcggc gatgcgcatc ccgcgcttga ccacgcggtg 43321 gttcatctcg acctggaagg cgtacccgtt gctgcggatc gagccgacgt cgatcctgcg 43381 gagcgtcgcg gcgcgccagc acttgaagcc ggcggtggcg tccttgacgc gcagccgcag 43441 gatcgcgttg acgtagacgt tggcccacag ggaaagcgcc ttgcggtgcc acttccactc 43501 gccggacacc gacccgccgg gcacgtaacg cgaaccgatg acgaccgccg cgtccgacgt 43561 ccgcagcacc tcgatcatcg tcgggatggc gctcgccggg tgcgacaggt cggcgtccat 43621 ctggacgacc aggtcggcgc cgtcgtccag ggccttcagg atccccgcga cgtacgcgcg 43681 cccgaggccg tccttctccg tgcggtgcaa cacggaaagc ggaagcgggc cttcgagcgc 43741 caacttgtcc gcgaggtcgc cggtgccgtc gggggaattg tcgtcgacca ccaggacgtg 43801 caggcccggc acacccaggt cggcgagcag gtcgaccagg acgggcaggt tgtcccgctc 43861 gttgtaggtc ggcacgacga cggtggtcct gagcgagtcc ggttgtttcg acattccccc 43921 gagcttaccc gcgcgcggac gccgggaagt gcgcgaccgc ctcagtcgtg ccaggggagt 43981 tcgtcacgta gtccggtgtg gatcgcataa gcgttcttga tggcggcttt caccgagcct 44041 tccgcccaac gccggtgccg gcggtcacag gcgtcgttgg cgaaccacac ccggttcacc 44101 gggcggatcc ctttagtgag ggttaattgc ggccgcgaat t SEQ ID NO:2-CmnA amino acid sequence MTVDPTIELRLTLNGDPDVPALTRAWAALRARHRALAGPLGAHRDVAAFEDAVRAGPGCHLLRAPGRHEFA LTAGCDAASVPAVLAELSALYARELGHPSEGLPAPAPAVPHDRPPHDVPPPGPELPGLELFGRGEPGPRVV TRVDLGHPTRRHVSALARRHGVTREVVVVTAWALLLGELAERDEFVLGLVTDPRDPAAHRPAVGALREARP LRVDLTGRPSFADAVRRTTAAVATARSRPGDAPADVAVQYGEQPAAALRLAGLDPAEVPAAFWLADDLPGP HRVVLRLLDTPDGLLAGVAHHPDALDGPGARRWVSRLAALLAGAHDESPEPVVMSEDEHRRVVLAPNATAV DLGAPATVHDLVAEQARRTPDRTALVFAGAEVGYAELDARANRLAHELRERGVRRETPVAVCLERETGLVV ALLAVLKAGGAFVPLDPQYPRQRLAHMLADSGAAVVLTQGRLRDRFAADGPPVLVTDDDATRFAHHPSSAP PASSGPDDLAYVVYTSGSTGRPKGVMVEHRGIASYLRGMQHDFPLTPEDRVLQATSLSFDVSVYEIFWPLQ VGAAVVLPAPGGHTDPYHLSELIQRHGVTCLHFVPSLMRLFVEEADPGAGAGLRRVFVSGEALDPSLVALV HERTSAELVNLYGATEVSVDSTYWTADRAKPDRPVLVGRPMANATAYVLDQRLRPKPAGVVGEVFLGGASV TRGYHARPALTAERFVPDPFGPPGSRLYRTGDLGRVTPDGELEFLGRRDHQFKLRGWRVEAGEIEAAITAH PGVNGAVVVTEGAHEHATLLAYVGADAGLDQAALREFLARRLPRPLVPARFIRLDRLPISPNGKVDRAALP KPDQAPAEPAPTTAAPPTHAADGRPALEHAADGRPALERGSDGRPVLEVVLAVAAEVLGAPIGPEDSFFGS GGNSIQATRLAARLRAALRTDVPVRLAFEAPTPAAMAALLSPPSPEPVAEVSRAEQRIWLLSRLGGHPAEY AIPVALRLAGPLDVAKLKNAVDAVVRRHEGLRHVFPEVDGSPTRAVLDPGSITVAEEANRSVREVLAEGVA ALDPATGPLARFTLVNQGPQDHVLAIVLHHLIADGWSVDVLLRDIAAHYTGAPTATPGRYADYLALERAEE QDGALGRALEHFVTALDGVPDEVSFPPDHPRPAQRTGRGDVVRHRIDAAPVTALAERLRTTPFAVLLAAVG VLLHRVGGHRDVVVGTAVARRPDAGLDHLVGLCLNTLALRWPVQPHDTLGEVVRAVTDRLADGLQHDAASF DRVVDKLAPARDSGRTPVFQVMALYEEPYETALALPDVTTTDVTVHCGSAQADAAFGFVPREGGIDLTLQF STDVFTRATASRWARRLATLLAGARADTRVADLPLLPEDESQDLERWSGTTGEAPTTTLHALAHEIAQRHP DRPAIHFGQNSLTYGEFDARSAQLAHELRARGVRAETPVVVCLERSPEALIAVYGVLKAGGAYVPVETSNP DLRIAELIADSGAALVLTQRRLADRLAALGAEVVVVDEPLPRHPTTDPEPLTGPDHLAYVIYTSGSTGRPK GVMVQHGSVLNFLDALDRRFDLTPDDRLLHKSPLAFDVSVREVFWALTRGASVVVAEPGRHADPGHLVDLV ERERVTVAHFVPSSLAVFLEGLPGPGRCPTLRHVLTSGETLPVTTARAARDLLGARLRNMYGPTETTVEMT DHDVVDDTVDRLPIGHPFEGAVVRVLDADLRPVPPGSTGELCVGGLPVARGYLGRPALTAERFVPDPLGPA GARLYRTGDLARLLPDGQLDFLGRNDFQVKVRGHRIEPGEVEAVLGALPGVHGALVTAHDDRLIGYAVTDR DGEELRTALAERLPEHLVPSVVLTLDRFPLTGNGKLDRAALPTPTGRHTGDSRPLTATEAALAAIWRDLLD VPEVRADDHFFALGGHSLLAARVAARAGAALGVALPLPTVLRFPRLADLATAVDGTRADREPVRPRPDRRR RAPLSSAQRRLWIEENLRPGTATYTVAEAFRLRGELDEEAFAAAVDDVLRRHDALRAHVESVEDGEPELVV APEPRTALRVGDLPADRVRDALAAESARVFDPAGPLVATSLHRLAPDEWLFQFTAHHLVVDGWSLDVLWRD LAACYHDRRAGRAPRPRDGLTFTDYTWWERDVRSRDLEPHLAFWRGELAGLRPQPPADAHGPGAVLDFALG AALSDELRATAAGLGVSPFVLGLTAFALALGEDSPGAIGVEVANRASAETADLVGLFVNHVPVRVAPRGTG RAAVAAVDEARRRVLPHEHVPFDLVVDLLGPGRAPTSVAFSHLDVRGHSPRLDGVTATRLTPPHNGTAKFD LLLEVLDTEHGLTGAFEYRPERFTAARVAQVRNHWEAALLTLLADPDLPVDARRPDFA SEQ ID NO:3-CmnB amino acid sequence MLSTVDPAAELSTTAAEVLEHVDAAVAAYPEVPIARVRVEVAGIPRTLLLKLEGRSPWRSIKGRTALGLVR SIAPRMASRDVTVVESTSGNLGVALSAICRDLGLPFVAVVDLKQSPVIQAAIEANGARLEVVRTPAAATTH LLDRLDRVRKLVAEIPGAVWPNQYENDANRHVHETWTAPEIDRQVGGEAQAVFVAVSTGGTLAGLAAHFRR ARPATRLVAVDVEGSTVFGGVPGGRVLTGIGASRRSTFLTRAECDDLVYVREAAAIAACHVLRADTGIAVG GSSGAVVAGALDHLAAHPGLTTAVCVCADLGENYARTVYDPDWLAPLRLTDDPGLLRSRLRGARFHHAEPD TGQESTP SEQ ID NO:4-CmnC amino acid sequence MTAIREIRLSEPESAQAALLALECAQRYAEPDSADFLADAAVLAHDLPRAVRREVERARLDDRLHALVVRG NDVDQDALGPTPPHWRQARTAASRRYGFLLVLYASLLGDVVGWATQQDGRVVTDVLPIEGQEDSLVSSSSS VELGWHTEDAFSPYRADYVGLFSLRNPDSVATTVAGLDPDLVGPAVVDVLFGERFHIRPDNSHLPTHNSGG RLSDYFAGIVEAVENPRAVSILRGHRDAPQLCVDSDFTTAVDGDAEAAGALDTLIKHLGGALYEVVLGPGD VAFLDNRNVVHGRRPFRARFDGTDRWLKRINVTADLRKSRAARRDAQARVLGEA SEQ ID NO:5-CmnD amino acid sequence MMVRDLPAAALEDWLRERYFTARVDVSSSGVADHRLADLRRLGGITVEELDAVVFRDGPSLGAERLRAALA DRLRPGPDHVVMTAHGSSEALFLAMTALVRPGDEVVVPDPAYHSLSALARACGAVLRPWPVLGAAPDPADL RALLTPRTRLVVVNFPHNPTGVTVDAAVQAELLDVVGRSGAYLLWDNAFRDLVYDAPPLPEPTALGGRVLS TGTLSKAHGLPGLRVGWCVLPADLAPELVRVRDYLTLSLSPLTELLAAVAVEHADELIAPRLAEATANRRR LLDWAAAHGVDCPAPGGGVTAFPRFPGVADVTPLCDRLMSEHGVLTVPGGCFGFPDRMRIGFGCDPAVFAA GLTALGAVLAEKRLPAKL SEQ ID NO:6-CmnE amino acid sequence (23934 . . . 25181) MAAIENAPRRLRDNRDFRFWWGGTVLSAIGDEVTLIAFPLLVLFLTGSPTHAGLVGGVAAVPPLLLSVPIG VLADRTSRRALMLGGSVVSAISITSIPVVHLLGELTLPHLYVVAFVNSVAATVYRIADTAALPRIAGEEKL GEAASQSETIWGISAIVAPPLAGLLFETAGPTSPFWIDAVSFVAIMVCVLAIRARLGADKPYPEVSWRQDL TTGARVTLSRPLVRALTILTVAGDFLFAGIGLLLIVMVRENGASGLETGTVFTAAAVGGILGSMLAGRVED RIGMVPAVLTKHWLTAALFPLLLVDLPGWATGLVWGLISFQISILNVIQMKYLMSVIPNSKLGRVEGFLTF IEQGSLPLGYALTGVLLGLLGTTSTLLAYEAVLLVLAVFATVSRGLRTPAHPDEPARSSG SEQ ID NO:7-CmnF amino acid sequence (25196 . . . 28366) MTQVDFTRWDLRTDAEKHATPTVLSGPPPAWSPDTTLARLVLDQADRTPDADAVRIGPDALTYRELAAGAR RVAAWVARQPHTGPPRVGVLGERSLATYPVLLGVLLAGGAYVPLDPAAPPARLRAVLSRADAHAVVTTAES WALLEQPGLPALLTDQPLPFQRSKVDSGRVAVLAGLPDAGEPVGPTPDDVAYVIFTSGSTGTPKGVVVQHR AAVNLTCWARDLVPMGPGSRVTQNASLHFDASVQQIFPALASGATLFPVPERVRLSGPELAAWLARHRITH WDSVPSLWTPVVEHLADRIAAGQRVLPDLRAVLLAGEPLPARQVDRWRSWEQGHRLFNVYGPTEVTVNATA FEVTGPVGAVVPIGRPLPGITASVLDAHGNPCPVDADGELFLGGVGLARGYLDDPEGTARSFVERGGERFY RTGDVVRVGADGLLVFVGRRDDQVKLNGVRVEPAEIEHALLAHPGVTEAVAVVLREEGRAELVACVASAVE LSTEDIRAGLAEELPAALVPSRVVVVESLPHNANGKLDRAACAELARDLSGPSGGAGPLGATAATLLGIWR SVLGRDDIGPDDEFFQVGGNSITSIRLRRECVEAGLPIRAVDVFLHPTVRRLARYVDDNRTTLAARARPAP EESPTDGEFPLLPAQRPLALTALLSDGGAQRGLVQETVTYRVPLDVDAVRGALEVLLERHEVLRTAVTPGL AQRVLPKVPVPLEVVDLTGVADQWGAVLEAADRDYATPFDLAEPPLVRVRAFDRGEVFSLTWTLHHVISDG WSWEIVQREFDRLHVALRAGRFRPLPPPVLPLRALARRLGSGGTPDPEWVARLAATPALLLPADGSGVGGE HIEWPIDPGTHRELAARAQAAEASPAAIHLLAFTEALRRVCRQDSFAVGVVSSGRNVDVPGVEEAVACLAR TVPLPVDAVGGAEARLARLHRDLAVVVGMDDVDTDVLPADVPAGVRHPVATFVFQNYPDAAVPPGHRPLPE VPEEGRWREAGSDPLALVCFEDDGVPGCRLEFDTAAVSRATAELVAREVRRAQNRLAKGMQP SEQ ID NO:8-CmnG amino acid sequence (28363 . . . 31221) MTADAALEPDERAAWLAYNDTAEDFPGPHLLARLDAVAREHPDRPAVHAVDGVWTYRELHRRADAVAAFLA ARGVRPGSVVAIAATRALAPYAALLGVLKAGCAYVPVNPDDPADRVAFVLADAGATPLLLDTDPASLPAAP APDVPHEPDRVCYVIYTSGSTGRPKGVVMAERAVDNLTHWVVRRHDVRPDDRLGQTAPLTFDPSVQQVFPA WATGACLVTVPDDVQRDPAAFLDWLRAERVTHLDLVTSHWVHLLNAAEARPAELPDLRWIIIGGETYYYHQ THRWHRVVSSPARLNTIYGPTEAAVNATEHLTEPDLDHGQVPIGVPLPNYRLYALDDDGRLCPPGITGEIH IAGAGLARGYRSAEATAKAFHELEVHSGRTERLYRTGDLARLVRHADRWALEFQGRVDSQVKISGYRVELE EVDAAVKAVPGVRDAAVVVRGEPAEQLVCCYVGDVPPDRLRSRLTERLPAYLVPHLLVPVEALPFTRNGKM DTAELAELVRRFARDSAGRAPRPGVESVVAAVWAEVLDLPEVSADADFLGHGGSSLLAFRVVDRLRRRGIR VRPADVLRERTVAGLAAVAEEDLVLTPSTRLALRRPGGNATLDIGLPADVPAERVRAVLEDIVRRHPVLRA RIDDDGPRAVPVDRFELHTPDGPVDDAKARLAESTDLTTGLPTAAALVAGRLLVSIRHELVDGAALRRVAE EVAAGLGRAPRPRPVVPVADQPLGGPAPDGLRGHLVRFLEAEKAALAALPREHRDRVVEVDLGHAPDALLD TPPTRWHARLVAAAATAARSWLGLVDVPVGVPRHWPGAGGSVANLADVLPLVVADDDEADAQWRRFADPAV HWGAALLDACPDLADDWPAPRIAPQGSFRLVVTADDEPLAPDLPLHESPTAFDPASAGAVEFAVVAGDRLR LHVTGWDLPADEVKAVAAGWVEALAGERR SEQ ID NO:9-CmnH amino acid sequence (31218 . . . 31964) MTPDPHWLRPVGGRSGGPVLLCLPHAGAGAFAYAGWDRQDAFDVVAVQPPGREDRFAEQPITDPEHLVREI ADALGDLAEQPLALFGHSLGALIAHDLARELDRRGAPDPLLLAVSGHVPPHRLDPDRARDRSDAELVEHVR ELDDDPLDDVLADPEWRAMLLRPLRGDLALHDAHTHRPGPRLRVPVLALTGADDDATPAEDTAAWAELTEG PFAHRVHPGGHFYLRAARSAVLDDLAHHLEGAWRP SEQ ID NO:10-CmnI amino acid sequence (31961 . . . 33607) MTTETPATTGAPATTGAPAPPGRAEIVAAVLPVFAEVLDAPDLTPDSDFFVHGGNSLLAIRVAGRVGRRLG RQVPPAGVLKHPTPDLLAAHLEEEFRGGGAPPIPAPRAGAEADRRPSTAQERVWLLHQLDPDRLDHLVTVA LDVAGTVDPAAFTAAWTAVVRRHEALRSRFVKADDDRVAVVVDAEAAPEISVLDLARFPAPVRDRLAEERV RLLRTTPIRLDTGPLARFALLRLADRRYRIELAVHHIVCDGWSLDTLLADFLDAYGRALAGRSPALPPPAV GFADYVAWERDVESSRWPDMAVRLARRFADRPADLPLPVDPVDVPAHEDGDDVTVHAPPGLAAAVERARTS FGHTALTFHLTALGVLLARITGVDDLVVAVPVAGRAQTEHEDLVGLFVNTALARVRLGGTSDVRVLLERNR DEVDELVDCQTFPFDRLVDLLGARRAGTRVPLARVSLAVQNFDDPGTPAPELGFTWQFRDPPERQSKFDLA FTVSDTDGLRLTVTYRPSLFRRATVAAWAGQYLVALEHVVRGVADPEGSAR SEQ ID NO:11-CmnJ amino acid sequence (33604 . . . 34755) MKLNRQHELFRESVRMVLDRECVELVDDWERDGVMPVHQLCKTLAAEGLLGLTMPVEDGGLGLDLGYSYVW AQELGRVPAGAPAMALSVQTDIVAPLLARAGTPEVRRDVLRPAIRGELVAALAATEPAGGSDLGALTTTAV RTERGFTVNGTKAFITNGSVADFAVVLCRTGEAAGIGDLALLVVPTNLAGVRQVRHTGKLGHRSCDHGTLT FTDVEVPAAYLLGEVGEGYELQTRTFTRERCFLAVVALGQAERVLRATVHHARRRRVLGRALTDHQAIGFR LAELDAELDLVRSYAGEAYQLLADGAQCLREASIAKLRATRLLREVADVGLQVRGAAGYLGVDDVERTYRD ARAGSFAGGADEALLHLIAGHLTGTEQE SEQ ID NO:12-CmnK amino acid sequence (34758 . . . 35756) MTPSEELLFLDRETVRACVAGVDPVEVVESVLRSHAAGRTTLPAEGYLPWENDQGAYCRSIAMLGAVDGER GPTYGIKLINAAVSNPSIGLDRAGGCGFLFDPRTARPVVLAEAAYLSGLRTAAYTMASLRHLGPVGFDAVS FIGTGAQARVHAALLARYFPAVRDLHVFDTERSRAEAFTGASGHTVHVHDTAEAAVRASHVLVTLTTVDDG YIPHDWFRPGSFVAHVSLDDLLPEVFFKSEALFVDDLELIRENPRRVLGALLADGDVPVTGSLGGVLTGAV APVRPRDGVVVSNPFGMAVLDVGLLAEVAAHARSAGLGTTLDLLGAAR SEQ ID NO:13-CmnL amino acid sequence (35753 . . . 36640) MTGLYSLADLSPADVLALADRSVQLHRDRTAHDRPLTDLVVGTLFTKTSTRTRTAFTTAALRLGASVVAFG PDELQTATGESTADTGRVLASMLDGLVVRTAGPVARQRELSGGGVLPVVNAMSREEHPTQGLTDLAVLRHH FGDLAGVRVLYVGEGNNTAAALVHALAAVPGCELVLACPKGYGPRDPGPWREVADLAEVTGDVDVVYTTRW QTTGTAKADPDWREAFRPFHVDTALMDRWPDAVFLHDLPAHRGEEVAGAVLDGARSLAWTQAAMKAASAMA VLERFVGGRRA SEQ ID NO:14-CmnM amino acid sequence (36633 . . . 37838) MLDLSPAQRSLWVLHQLDDTGFTLSSAHRLRGPFDLGAFTAAVDAVVARHSPLRTRFPVGTDGGPDPVVDP PGPVVVEAVAAEGFTAAHAEAARFCARPFDLAREWPLRVLVVRLSTEDHVVALAVHHISCDGVSLGLLHDE LSRLYDGAELPPVADHRELVARRAVDPAAVARCRDRLAGVPPLAADRPAVRSGKGDQVWFTVPADLTGAVR ACARRHRVTAFMVLLAAFQLVLHRRTGQTDFAVGVPVAGRGDPDSENVIGLFTNTVVVRADLAGEPGPAEV LRRVREAAFDAFADQDVPLGAVVAAVGEPPDPARTPLFQALFTFQDAPVGRLALPGVRCVELDLPTGAAAS DLELELVRDGDELAGSLEYSTDLHDSGTAAALTADFLAVLDEITAE SEQ ID NO:15-CmnN amino acid sequence (37847 . . . 38035) MDTYLVVVNHEEQYSVWPADRPLPAGWRAEGTSGDKEQCLAHIETVWTDMRPLSVRRRAEAV SEQ ID NO:16-CmnO amino acid sequence (38032 . . . 39786) MTALHRLDQLAGARPDAPALLDEAETVSYGRLWRELTGVAGALRAAGVRRGDRVVVPADRTWQGIVSMLGV LRAGAAYVPVDAGDPVERLRHVVRTAGAAWVTGRAEALAALPDLGLHPIPFGSAPDSASRSASGSDSGSHS ASGGVGGLPDPEDLAYVMFTSGSTGTAKAVMVPHRSIAHAAPSLARRCGITPDDRFLSWASLVWDTSGEEL YSTLLSGAGLVLDREATSGSVPALLRAVERRSVSVVDLPTAFWNQVVDYLETTGEAVPECLRLVVVGGEEV RARQVRVWAERAPDVRLLNTYGQTETVMVTHAADIGGLAPPDGGAVPIGHPLPHVRQHLEPVGDGLFELHV GGPTLAWGYRDRPAATAERFPPDERGRRFRTGDLVRVADDGALVFVGRADRQVKVRGVRVEPAEVERALMA CPGVTAAAAFVVDNASDGVLLVGAFVPGDGDATPATVAAALRTRLSPALLPHRLVSVPSMPLLTTGKIDQA ALVERFARSDVAPGAGLAGQLAVVFSEVLGTPCAADDDFFDQGGDSVVATRLLTRIRRSYRVELTFRDVFD HPSPTALAGLISRTPR SEQ ID NO:17-CmnP amino acid sequence (39792 . . . 41138) MPVQPHEHVRRTPVEPSWRRFPGWRDVTREQWRDPRWQRVHCVRNTRQLRAVVGDLLDERFYDDLAADQES FATMSMLLPPQMLNTMVPEGAADFTGAFYADPVRRYMLPVRSDRDPEWPSHPYSSRDSLHEAEMWVVEGLT HRYPTKVLAELVSTCPQYCGHCTRMDLVGNSTPQVRKHKLELKPVDRQDRMLDYLRRTPAVRDVVVSGGDV ANVPWPQLESFLARLLEIETVRDIRLATKALAGLPQHWLQPQVVEGMSRVARTAASRGVNLAVHTHVNHAQ SVTPLVAEAARALLDAGVRDVRNQGVLMRGVNATPDDLLELCFALQGEANILPYYFYLCDMIPNAEHWRTS VAEAQDLQAAIMGYLPGYATPRIVCDVPYVGKRWVHQVVEYDRELGVSYWTKNYRTGIESDDPNALDRRYP YYDPISTLGETGRRWWRKHERA SEQ ID NO:18-CmnR amino acid sequence (11212 . . . 11925) MLTPAGAGRARRGIAVLLADDHEVILDGLRAVLARDDAITVVGAVHGVPELLDRIGRDQPDVVLVGASLLR VDDFRVARLLAGQRVVVATQDDSDELLVSAIAAGVSGYLPLGSPGEEFPRAIRAVAEGGAYLPAHVTKRVF ESFQIIPLPDPSAPALLSLTEREGQVLRAIGQGRSNREIAREFEVSETTVKSHVSRVLAKLELRDRVQAAL LAWRLGLVTAREAPEVVKPRGASA SEQ ID NO:19-CmnU amino acid sequence (12265 . . . 12984) MPSEGLVKVVGKRCVPLADAEFAELRARHRSVLLDVGTGDGKHAYRLARADPDRLVVGVDANPDRMRGVSA RAAAKPARGGLPNLVLVHAAAEEMPPCLGDVDEMHVLMPWGSLLRGVLGRDPAVLAGLAGACRAGARFHIT VNLHAWRPAAPAVTGIAEPTPEWVRRELAHVYAEAGLRVTRAGYLADVGASELTSTWTRRLGACREEFDVL GVEGAARGGSTPGVAGITSKAACLPA SEQ ID NO:20-Cph amino acid sequence (42119-41274) (see GenBank Acc. No. U13078) MTLSHLVDVVRRAHPDVDLEGAGVHSGQFHDVLIARDRVFRFPKTAGAAAELPGRVAVLTAVDAVELGVGV PVPLSEVRDGGPHGFLVLSRLHGTPLERGDATSPEVIDVVAAEFARVLRAMAGADVEKLRLVLPVADAGRW RGFAGRVRATLFPLMSEDGRARAERELAAAVAMDHVATGLVHGDLGGENVLWQQVEELPRLTGIVDWDEAK VGDPAEDLAAVGASYGPELVERVVALLGAGDLWPRIRAYQGTFALQQALAGAEDGDDEELEDGLTAYR SEQ ID NO:21-orf 1 (141 . . . 644) MSRWCGGMPDGGDVVMSSQSWDAGDESGDEVVLALDGVAVREVRDLVRDLLSDRAGVAVDDAVLVVDELVS NALRHGEPPRRCRLVRAGQRLRVEVDDAGSGQPRIRTADASGGRGLVIVQALSTDWGVVRHPEHKTVWAEV LLAGQSRPSHVAPAQTWGDTPAQGR SEQ ID NO:22-orf 2 (804 . . . 1376) MTSTENDLLLDKIGRGFDHLDADGDGLLDERDHVLMGERVAAALGHGSGSAEEERIVDMYVRVWHDVHLPH LPAGTTAIGRDEFIAATRDLADDPAAADATLGALAREFLRIADIDADGRVTPAEFLTFQRGHFPDLSDEDA AAAFEHLDTDGDGSLSPEEFIRATVEYWTSTDPDSPANWWIGRPRPTA SEQ ID NO:23-orf 3 (1383 . . . 2123) MGVTAAPLASMGPTRSRSTPTIGGQPHLERDRARVRGMVRLGVVALLLATVASACAAEEPEYVSLIEACDL VDPGTVTALSRGLPAAPPSREPVRFSDDRVDMVECRHEFGDSGNVPVLPHDDWAPDTPGTPLYRYVTVTVM RYRAGDGRSATGNARHHLASDPQAKDPAITGAGLDDGDVMHKYNGVQSYSRVRAVDHNVFLTVEYGGANGN ARPQGMPADESREGALRLLTGAASRLPCPKPGC SEQ ID NO:24-orf 4 (2159 . . . 3442) MKLRAGLLTAALLLLGTNAMAAAPDSTPFYWQVPGADERTLQDAGFDVEHGVDGGVQVVGDARVAGRLTAL GYQPKKFDTVYKPVPPGRSGDIGVQTFYGGYHTVAEHEKHLTDVAAAYPALTQVFDIGDSWRKTRGLGGHD IKAICITKKQAGDCALSPTSPKPRFAMIAQLHARELATGELAWRWIDHVTRGYGTDAEVTSILDTTELWVV PIVNPDGVDIVASGGSRPLMQRKNANNTGASCSVPSYGVDLNRNSTFKWGGAGTNRCGETYQGTAAGSEPE TRALEAWFKQLFPDQRGPGDTDPAPVTTKGVMITIHSYGNLIMPPWGWTWNANPNAAQLAALGKKMAAFNG YTVVAEGDTTGTTDDFTYGTLGIASYTFEIGSSSGSCGGFFPQYSCVDSLFWPRNKGAFLTAAKAAKAPYA S SEQ ID NO:25-orf 5 (3462 . . . 4862) MRITDVQRCEVRPGRVVEWVLRPVAAATGAPDDARPPAYLQESHVRTARSLREDGLFVPTWLGVAFDLPGA VDLDALEEALRVWTLRHETLRSGFRWEDGEMRRFTLDADAVALHREDVGEFTDADVLVQHLQDRFDVAADT LTWPNFIYAAVAREDSTSVYLAFDHSNVDAYSMYRVPAELHELYAAALDGRTVDAAPIASYVDFCATERAD ADEVDADHPVVDRWRRFVARCDGRMPNFPFDLGLAPGGPLPTQKSLHEMLVDDADAAAFERHCRPYGGSLV GVLAATALIMREMTGDDVYRTVVPFHTRAKSRWSDSVGWYVGGVPVELPVATAGGFDGLLRAAQAELRASR PASRVPVARVLRLLGDDFRPTSPDLYSIVSFMDARPTPGSERWRDMKAYGLIRVSYGDQVCVWVTRLHEGL QFACRYPDNDVAYKNIRLYVDRLREVILSVARPADAPAAG SEQ ID NO:26-orf 6 (5150 . . . 5752) MTSRFAQVMFTPDVQLHQERHGSRDAYARMADAAPVRDRIGPDEAAFIAERDSFYLATVGETGWPYIQHRG GPPGFLRVLDEHTLGFADFRGNRQYITRGNLDHDDRVALFLMDYANRTRLKLIGHARADDSPEVVERLALP DYRAKVERAVLIEVEATIWNCRQHIPQLFPRDAVEQAVGALRDRITELEQENARLRAR SEQ ID NO:27-orf 7 (5861 . . . 6376) MSGRLHAPAIGTARLDLVPLRVDHAEEMAVVLADPALHTFTGGTPDDPRALRSRYERMLAGSPDPAVSWLN WVVRLREESRLAGTVQATVGPTDQGPVAEVAWVVGTPFQGRGIAREAARGLVDWLGRQGVRTVVAHVHPDH HASAAVATAAGLAPTDEVHDGEVRWRLSR SEQ ID NO:28-orf 8 (6395 . . . 7591) MSLDERKLFAARLHAVRCRPYLATALFALHVVESRRVPTMAVDRHWRCYVSPAFVDRTPEEELAGVWVHEV SHLLRDHHGRGDRFAAEHGLTGPGERLRMNIAADCEINDDVFGDGLARPEGAVEPELLQLREGQLMEDYLR QFRLGPYTDAFTWLDCGSGADGLEREWDLGPDGAHGLSEQERDAVRFRVAEAITGRPGDVPLGWRRWAERA FHPPQPWRDLLGAAVRSAASAAGAGDDYTYGRPARRSTALPGVVLPSLRRRPPRVCVVVDTSGSVSDAELG SALLEIAAIARAVGGRRDLVSVLSCDAAAHVTHPLCRAEGIPLMGGGGTDLRTGFTRALRTRPDVIVALTD GQTPWPTVRPPCRTVVGLFRRPPKPGDYRPDPPPAWARVVTVG SEQ ID NO:29-orf 9 (7588 . . . 8802) MPTSLSARPLDVAADLLALLGRTTTETRSDAQLEALTLAVSADLPVLLWGEPGIGKTAALTQLADALDLPL TTVIASVHEPSDFAGLPVVGDDPAVQGVPMAPPDWAVRLVRAGRGLLFLDELSTAPPAVQAALLRVVLERR IGALTLPPGVRIVAAANPRSSAADGWELSPPLANRFVHLQWAHDHDVVVRGLGGTWPRAELPRLDPGRLPD AVAYARRAVCELLAARPNLVHQLPKDETRRGGPWPSPRSWEMALRLIAFATAADVSRDVLSMLVRGTVGDG PGLELLASLDRMDLPDPESLLANPAAAVLPERGDLRQAVLDGVVEAVRRRPEAARWDAAWALLVRALDTGA PDLVVVPAATLAALRRDDWEVPAAIERLSGAVSVSRLADRTAARVGAGR SEQ ID NO:30-orf 10 (8863 . . . 9531) MITVRLNAGRWLALAPDEPTPVLTAAPRRDPTRPVLPDAATRTPPDLDLLRAGLVDADRLHPLVASALVPG HRRTTGSPDPATGPRLVECRGATHRIGVVDGVLVPLDHDPDEVRREELLAEWGGPPLPCLRAIDDVHRQPE SLVDVRARLDHGDTAGAVAAVEALLGPEALLRAGALRDELDAAVRRRLAHGLYRAGLAGGPAPSTKDGRRR VRPRHAFSR SEQ ID NO:31-orf 11 (9528 . . . 10286) MLMHHTTADENLRLHFWTRVREFAVPPSMVETATARRSVGDWAGACAAARFDVDLDLRAVGRTHGRQLAAQ VRADLRHLAPDLLRWHFPRIGPDGLLRPGLTVSLARYAAGPHLVARTPPAWAAAGQRISLAWWDPAEPRAG AGTHPHPRPDRRFRLDLHRHLWDARRAGELRERSAGGDPPPGFDHRAARSRLAGRRVAGSRGARRVRGPSG RRQPRDPPRRGPSRGRVSLSVVGCRRPCSSCARTGAPTA SEQ ID NO:32-orf 12 (10362 . . . 11108) MAGTDLYDDIGTGYALGRRTDPRWMTAILDALGGARTIANVGAGTGSYEPDDRTVVALEPSTEMIRQRPPE VGPAVRAVAEALPLRDHAVDAALAVLTVHHWTDWRAGLAELRRIAPRRVVLAYDTSLHTEFWFVREYVPEI ADLERTRPSAADIAGELGADSVTPLPLPWDFVDGVFPAYWRRPDAYLDPRVRRACSALAQTDPAAVDRGVR RLRADLDSGRWHDDHRDLLDLDQWDAGFRLVVSHT SEQ ID NO:33-orf 13 (42340 . . . 43176) MGNGERIGVFYDGTWFAYLSDYFASVHPRAARVSLDGFHDALRWYVHTVTHQPLDECVVSEAHYVRGRIDT PAVAFDAVLAAAGVVRHDLPLHAGKEKGVDVHLALEAWERATSVPLRWVVLVTGDADFAPLATRLKTRGVR VVVPVVDGGVVAPAWMPRTAAPLRAAASATPTFDDLFTPAERDDYPLRAPFVRTSGGGASVAGEPRGRRKG TVTGWKTGQPHGFITDTRGASWFVSRDDLPLGLVALPVGTSVSFSGPSTPPAGRKYPRAYAVQTE SEQ ID NO:34-orf 14 (43177 . . . 43914) MSKQPDSLRTTVVVPTYNERDNLPVLVDLLADLGVPGLHVLVVDDNSPDGTGDLADKLALEGPLPLSVLHR TEKDGLGRAYVAGILKALDDGADLVVQMDADLSHPASAIPTMIEVLRTSDAAVVIGSRYVPGGSVSGEWKW HRKALSLWANVYVNAILRLRVKDATAGFKCWRAATLRRIDVGSIRSNGYAFQVEMNHRVVKRGMRIAEVPI RFEERAEGASKMSFGVQLESAVMPWKLLFKKG 

1. An isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule that encodes a Capreomycin A (CmnA) gene product having at least 95% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, wherein the CmnA gene product is a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase product capable of forming a peptide bond between a peptide that comprises L-2,3-diaminopropionate and L-serine or L-alanine.
 2. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 wherein the molecule encodes at least one additional gene product selected from the group consisting of: a CmnB gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 and having 2,3-diaminopropionate synthase activity, a CmnC gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 and having L-arginine hydroxylase activity, a CmnD gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5 and having capreomycidine synthase activity, a CmnE gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 and having permease activity, a CmnF gene product having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, a CmnG gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 and having non-ribosomal peptide synthetase pentapeptide cyclization activity, a CmnH gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 and having Type II thioestererase activity, a CmnI gene product having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, a CmnJ gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11 and having 2,3-diaminopropionyl α,β-desaturase activity, a CmnK gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 and having ornithine cyclodeaminase activity, a CmnL gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 and having carbamoyltransferase activity, a CmnM gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 and having non-ribosomal peptide synthetase condensation β-lysine transferase activity, a CmnN gene product having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, a CmnO gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16 and having non-ribosomal peptide synthetase carrier protein β-lysine thioesterification activity, a CmnP gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 and having lysine 2,3-aminomutase activity, a CmnR gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:18 and having transcriptional regulator activity, a CmnU gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:19 and having capreomycin resistance activity, and a Cph gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 and having capreomycin resistance activity.
 3. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 which further encodes a CmnF gene product having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, a CmnG gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 and having non-ribosomal peptide synthetase pentapeptide cyclization activity, a CmnI gene product having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, and a CmnJ gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11 and having 2,3-diaminopropionyl α,β-desaturase activity.
 4. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 which further encodes: a CmnM gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 and having non-ribosomal peptide synthetase condensation β-lysine transferase activity, a CmnO gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16 and having non-ribosomal peptide synthetase carrier protein β-lysine thioesterification activity, and a CmnP gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 and having lysine 2,3-aminomutase activity.
 5. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 which further encodes: a CmnB gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:3 and having 2,3-diaminopropionate synthase activity, a CmnC gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:4 and having L-arginine hydroxylase activity, a CmnD gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:5 and having capreomycidine synthase activity, a CmnE gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:6 and having permease activity, a CmnF gene product having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:7, a CmnG gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:8 and having non-ribosomal peptide synthetase pentapeptide cyclization activity, a CmnH gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:9 and having Type II thioestererase activity, a CmnI gene product having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:10, a CmnJ gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:11 and having 2,3-diaminopropionyl α,β-desaturase activity, a CmnK gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:12 and having ornithine cyclodeaminase activity, a CmnL gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:13 and having carbamoyltransferase activity, a CmnM gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:14 and having non-ribosomal peptide synthetase condensation β-lysine transferase activity, a CmnN gene product having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:15, a CmnO gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:16 and having non-ribosomal peptide synthetase carrier protein β-lysine thioesterification activity, a CmnP gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:17 and having lysine 2,3-aminomutase activity, a CmnR gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:18 and having transcriptional regulator activity, a CmnU gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:19 and having capreomycin resistance activity, and a Cph gene product having an amino acid sequence at least 95% identical to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:20 and having capreomycin resistance activity.
 6. An expression cassette comprising the isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 operably linked to a functional promoter which permits capreomycin production in a host cell when said host cell is transformed with said expression cassette.
 7. An isolated, recombinant, host cell transformed with at least the isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule of claim 1 and capable of expressing the encoded CmnA gene product.
 8. The isolated, recombinant, host cell of claim 7 in which capreomycin levels are increased relative to the levels in a corresponding nonrecombinant host cell.
 9. The isolated, recombinant, host cell of claim 7 wherein the recombinant host cell is a prokaryote or a eukaryote host cell.
 10. The isolated, recombinant, host cell of claim 7 wherein the recombinant host cell is a cell of the genus Streptomyces.
 11. The isolated, recombinant, host cell of claim 7 wherein the recombinant host cell is Streptomyces coelicolor.
 12. A bacterial strain, other than a strain of Saccharothrix mutabilis subsp. capreolus, transformed with at least the isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule of claim
 1. 13. The bacterial strain of claim 12 which is a strain of Streptomyces.
 14. The bacterial strain of claim 12 which is a strain of Streptomyces lividans.
 15. The bacterial strain of claim 12 which is a strain of Streptomyces coelicolor.
 16. The bacterial strain of claim 12 which produces one or more of Capreomycin IA, IB, IIA and IIB.
 17. The bacterial strain of claim 12 which produces Capreomycin IA, IB, IIA and IIB.
 18. The bacterial strain of claim 12 which produces a derivative of capreomycin.
 19. The bacterial strain of claim 18, wherein the derivative is selected from the group consisting of: C19hydroxy-CMN IA, C19hydroxy-CMN IB, C19hydroxy-CMN IIA, C19hydroxy-CMN IIB, Pseudocapreomycin IA, Pseudocapreomycin IB, Di-beta-lysyl-CMN IIA, Di-beta-lysyl-CMN IIB, C19-hydroxy-pseudo-CMN IA, C19-hydroxy-pseudo-CMN IB, C19-hydroxy-di-beta-lysyl-CMN IIA, C19-hydroxy-di-beta-lysyl-CMN IIB, and


20. An isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule that encodes a polypeptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2 (CmnA) and which further encodes a polypeptide selected from one or more of the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:3 (CmnB), SEQ ID NO:4 (CmnC), SEQ ID NO:5 (CmnD), SEQ ID NO:6 (CmnE), SEQ ID NO:7 (CmnF), SEQ ID NO:8 (CmnG), SEQ ID NO:9 (CmnH), SEQ ID NO:10 (CmnI), SEQ ID NO:11 (CmnJ), SEQ ID NO:12 (CmnK), SEQ ID NO:13 (CmnL), SEQ ID NO:14 (CmnM), SEQ ID NO:15 (CmnN), SEQ ID NO:16 (CmnO), SEQ ID NO:17 (CmnP), SEQ ID NO:18 (CmnR), SEQ ID NO:19 (CmnU), and SEQ ID NO:20 (Cph).
 21. An isolated and purified nucleic acid molecule that encodes a CmnA gene product having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:2.
 22. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 21 further comprising a nucleic acid sequence which further encodes one or more polypeptides having an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO:3, SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:5, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:7, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:9, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:11, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:13, SEQ ID NO:14, SEQ ID NO:15, SEQ ID NO:16, SEQ ID NO:17, SEQ ID NO:18, SEQ ID NO:19, and SEQ ID NO:20.
 23. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 21 comprising the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 from position 13445 through position
 20650. 24. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 21 comprising the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 from position 11212 through position
 42119. 25. The nucleic acid molecule of claim 21 comprising a capreomycin gene cluster. 